كمبريا

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين كمبيا, امبريا, or كامبريا.

كمبريا Cumbria (بالإنگليزيةالنطق: /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə; locally [ˈkʊmbɾiə] KUUM-bree-ə)، هي مقاطعة صغرى في شمال غرب إنگلترة. مجلس مقاطعة كمبريا يمثل السلطة المحلية فيها، تأسست عام 1974 بعد التصديق على قانون الحكومة المحلية 1972. أكبر مستوطنة وبلدة المقاطعة هي كارلايل والمنطقة الحضرية الكبرى الوحيدة فيها هي بارو-إن-فرنس على الطرف الجنوبي الغربي للمقاطعة والتي يقل عدد سكنها قليلاً عن كارلايل.

كمبريا Cumbria
مقاطعة تشريفية
Derwentwater in the Lake District, a tower of Carlisle Citadel and St Bees Head
Location of Cumbria within England
الإحداثيات: 54°30′N 3°15′W
البلد	المملكة المتحدة
المقاطعة	إنگلترة
المنطقة	North West England
التأسيس	1 April 1974
أسسها	Local Government Act 1972
منطقة التوقيت	UTC±00:00 (توقيت گرينتش المتوسط)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+01:00 (توقيت بريطانيا الصيفي)
أعضاء البرلمان	6 MPs
الشرطة	Cumbria Constabulary
المقاطعة الاحتفالية الحاكم العام Claire Hensman المأمور Samantha Scott المساحة 6,767 km2 (2,613 sq mi) الترتيب من 48 الترتيب من 48 الكثافة السكانية العرقية 97.6% White 1.0% Asian 0.8% mixed 0.2% Black 0.3% other 2021 census الأحياء Districts of كمبريا   Unitary الأحياء Cumberland Westmorland and Furness

The county is predominantly rural, with an area of 6,769 km² (2,614 sq mi) and a population of 500,012; this makes it the third largest ceremonial county in England by area but the eighth-smallest by population. After Carlisle (74,281), the largest settlements are Barrow-in-Furness (56,745), Kendal (29,593), and Whitehaven (23,986). The county contains two districts, Westmorland and Furness and Cumberland, which are both unitary areas.

Cumbria is well-known for its natural beauty and much of its landscape is protected; the county contains the Lake District National Park and Solway Coast AONB, and parts of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, Arnside and Silverdale AONB, and North Pennines AONB. Together these protect the county's mountains, lakes, and coastline, including Scafell Pike, at 3,209 feet (978 m) England's highest mountain, and Windermere, its largest lake by volume.

The county contains several Neolithic monuments, such as Mayburgh Henge. The region was on the border of Roman Britain, and Hadrian's Wall runs through the north of the county. In the Early Middle Ages parts of the region successively belonged to Rheged, Northumbria, and Strathclyde, and there was also a Viking presence. It became the border between England and Scotland, and was unsettled until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. During the Industrial Revolution mining took place on the Cumberland coalfield and Barrow-in-Furness became a shipbuilding centre, but the county was not heavily industrialised and the Lake District became valued for its sublime and picturesque qualities, notably by the Lake Poets.

In 1974 Cumbria was created from the historic counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, the Furness area of Lancashire, and a small part of Yorkshire, and was a non-metropolitan county (with a county council) until 31 March 2023, when governance was taken up by Cumberland and Westmorland and Furness.

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 Name

The place names Cumbria and Cumberland both mean "land of the Cumbrians" and are names derived from the term that had been used by the inhabitants of the area to describe themselves. In the period 400ح. 400, it is likely that any group of people living in Britain who identified as ‘Britons’ called themselves by a name similar to ‘Cum-ri’ which means "fellow countrymen" (and has also survived in the Welsh name for Wales which is Cymru). The first datable record of the place name as Cumberland is from an entry in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle for the year AD 945. This record refers to a kingdom known to the Anglo Saxons as Cumberland (often also known as Strathclyde) which in the 10th century may have stretched from Loch Lomond to Leeds. The first king to be unequivocally described as king of the Cumbrians is Owain ap Dyfnwal who ruled from 915ح. 915.

 التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ كمبريا

The Castlerigg stone circle dates from the late Neolithic age and was constructed by some of the earliest inhabitants of Cumbria

Cumbria was created in April 1974 through an amalgamation of the administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, to which parts of Lancashire (the area known as Lancashire North of the Sands) and of the West Riding of Yorkshire were added.

During the Neolithic period the area contained an important centre of stone axe production (the so-called Langdale axe factory), products of which have been found across Great Britain. During this period stone circles and henges were built across the county and today 'Cumbria has one of the largest number of preserved field monuments in England'.

While not part of the region conquered in the Romans' initial conquest of Britain in AD 43, most of modern-day Cumbria was later conquered in response to a revolt deposing the Roman-aligned ruler of the Brigantes in AD 69. The Romans built a number of fortifications in the area during their occupation, the most famous being UNESCO World Heritage Site Hadrian's Wall which passes through northern Cumbria.

At the end of the period of British history known as Roman Britain (AD 410ح. AD 410) the inhabitants of Cumbria were Cumbric-speaking native Romano-Britons who were probably descendants of the Brigantes and Carvetii (sometimes considered to be a sub-tribe of the Brigantes) that the Roman Empire had conquered in about AD 85. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitascode: la is deprecated of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria. The names Cumbria, Cymrucode: cy is deprecated (the native Welsh name for Wales), Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".

Although Cumbria was previously believed to have formed the core of the Early Middle Ages Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, more recent discoveries near Galloway appear to contradict this. For the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Celtic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and thus was excluded from the Domesday Book survey of 1086. In 1092 the region was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. Nevertheless, the region was dominated by the many Anglo-Scottish Wars of the latter Middle Ages and early modern period and the associated Border Reivers who exploited the dynamic political situation of the region. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two further sieges during the Jacobite risings.

After the Jacobite Risings of the 18th century, Cumbria became a more stable place and, as in the rest of Northern England, the Industrial Revolution caused a large growth in urban populations. In particular, the west coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, with Barrow also developing a significant shipbuilding industry. Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. The early 19th century saw the county gain fame when the Lake Poets and other artists of the Romantic movement, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, lived among, and were inspired by, the lakes and mountains of the region. Later, the children's writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner, granting much of her property to the National Trust on her death. In turn, the large amount of land owned by the National Trust assisted in the formation in 1951 of the Lake District National Park, which remains the largest National Park in England and has come to dominate the identity and economy of the county.

The historic counties shown within Cumbria

  Boundary of Cumbria

  Historic Cumberland

  Historic Westmorland

  Historic Lancashire

  West Riding of Yorkshire

The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in Great Britain's history.

Cumbria was created in 1974 from the traditional counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, the Cumberland County Borough of Carlisle, along with the North Lonsdale or Furness part of Lancashire, usually referred to as "Lancashire North of the Sands", (including the county borough of Barrow-in-Furness) and, from the West Riding of Yorkshire, the Sedbergh Rural District. Between 1974 and 2023 it was governed by Cumbria County Council but in 2023 the county council was abolished and replaced by Cumberland and Westmorland and Furness.

On 2 June 2010, taxi driver Derrick Bird killed 12 people and injured 11 others in a shooting spree that spanned over 24 kilometres (15 mi) along the Cumbrian coastline.

Local newspapers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic counties. Other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as "Cumbria", as does the Lake District National Park Authority.

 الجغرافيا

خريطة طبوغرافية لكمبريا

Cumbria is the most northwesterly ceremonial county of England. Most of Cumbria is mountainous, with the majority of the county being situated in the Lake District while the Pennines, consisting of the Yorkshire Dales and the North Pennines, lie at the eastern and south-east areas of the county. At 978 metres (3,209 ft) Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.

The Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into southern Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945. The Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONB's lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively.

 الحدود والتقسيمات

يحدها المقاطعات الإنگليزية؛ نورث ثمبرلاند، مقاطعة دِرَم، شمال يوركشاير، لانكشير ومناطق المجالس المحلية الاسكتلندية دمفريز وگالواي والحدود الاسكتلندية.

 الاقتصاد

The Sellafield nuclear processing site near Seascale employs around 10,000 people.

BAE Systems Submarine Solutions in Barrow-in-Furness has a workforce of around 5,000 people.

Many large companies and organisations are based in Cumbria. The county council itself employs around 17,000 individuals, while the largest private employer in Cumbria, the Sellafield nuclear processing site, has a workforce of 10,000. Below is a list of some of the county's largest companies and employers (excluding services such as Cumbria Constabulary, Cumbria Fire and Rescue and the NHS in Cumbria), categorised by district.

 السياحة

The entrance to Whinlatter Forest Park

Sizergh Castle

قلعة منكاستر

الترتيب المعلم الموقع الزائرون 1 Windermere Lake Cruises Bowness-on-Windermere 1,313,807 2 Rheged Penrith 439,568 3 Ullswater Steamers Glenridding 348,000 4 Whinlatter Forest Park and Visitor Centre Whinlatter 252,762 5 Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery Carlisle 251,808 6 Grizedale Forest Park and Visitor Centre Grizedale 175,033 7 Carlisle Cathedral Carlisle 166,141 8 Lake District Visitor Centre Brockhole Windermere 135,539 9 Hill Top Hawkshead 103,682 10 Sizergh Castle Sizergh Castle 90,063

الترتيب المعلم الموقع الزوار 11 Cumberland Pencil Museum Keswick 80,100 12 Muncaster Castle Ravenglass 78,474 13 Dock Museum Barrow-in-Furness 73,239 14 The Beacon Whitehaven 71,602 15 Holker Hall Cartmel 58,060 16 Carlisle Castle Carlisle 56,957 17 Beatrix Potter Gallery Hawkshead 47,244 18 Trotters World of Animals Bassenthwaite 45,559 19 The Homes Of Football Ambleside 49,661 20 Cartmel Priory Cartmel 43,672

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 المردود الاقتصادي

Year	Regional Gross Value Added	الزراعة	الصناعة	الخدمات
1995	2,679	148	902	1,629
2000	2,843	120	809	1,914
2003	3,388	129	924	2,335

السنة	القيمة الإجمالية المحلية المضافة	الزراعة	Industry	الخدمات
1995	2,246	63	1,294	888
2000	2,415	53	1,212	1,150
2003	2,870	60	1,420	1,390

 السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة الدوائر البرلمانية في كمبريا

الدائرة الانتخابية	1983	1987	1992	1997	2001	2005	2010
بارو وفرنس	CON  Cecil Franks		LAB  John Hutton				LAB  John Woodcock
كارلايل	LAB  Ronald Lewis	LAB  Eric Martlew					CON  John Stevenson
كوپلاند	LAB  Jack Cunningham					LAB  Jamie Reed
پنرث والحدود	CON  David Maclean						CON  Rory Stewart
وستمورلاند و لونزديل	CON  Michael Jopling			CON  Tim Collins		LD  Tim Farron
وركنگتون	LAB  Dale Campbell-Savours				LAB  Tony Cunningham

الانتخابات العامة 2010: كمبريا
المحافظون	العمل	الديمقراطيون الليبراليون	BNP	UKIP	الخضر	الديمقراطيون الإنگليز	الاتحاد التجاري والاشتراكي	آخرون	الإقبال
88,372 +8,328	60,292 −6,068	59,986 +9,664	5,149 N/A	4,899 +197	1,003 N/A	414 −248	376 N/A	263 −780	220,754 +17,621

إجمالي عدد المقاطع في 2010
العمل	المحافظون	الديمقراطيون الليبراليون	BNP	UKIP	الخضر	الديمقراطيون الإنگليز	الاتحاد التجاري والاشتراكي	آخرون
3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0

 التعليم

The University of Cumbria's Fusehill Campus in Carlisle

•  مقالة مفصلة: قائمة مدارس كمبريا

 النقل

The M6 motorway and West Coast Main Line near Grayrigg Forest

 الديموغرافيا

Carlisle

Barrow-in-Furness

Kendal

Whitehaven

Workington

Penrith

Maryport

Ulverston

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قائمة أكبر مستوطنات كمبريا

المقالة الرئيسية: ديموغرافيا كمبريا

إنگلترة – 454,137 اسكتلندا – 16,628 ويلز – 3,471 أيرلندا الشمالية – 2,289 ألمانيا – 1,438

أيرلندا – 1,359 جنوب أفريقيا – 603 كندا – 581 أستراليا – 531 الولايات المتحدة – 493

الهند – 476 هونگ كونگ – 417 إيطاليا – 249 نيوزيلندا – 241 فرنسا – 197

پولندا – 193 قبرص – 174 هولندا – 167 إسپانيا – 166 سنغافورة – 160

إجمالي سكان كمبريا
السنة	السكان		السنة	السكان		السنة	السكان
1801	173,017		1871	365,556		1941	456,833
1811	193,139		1881	410,856		1951	471,897
1821	225,555		1891	434,867		1961	473,706
1831	242,320		1901	437,364		1971	475,669
1841	255,603		1911	440,485		1981	471,693
1851	274,957		1921	441,483		1991	489,191
1861	320,257		1931	442,693		2001	487,607
Pre-1974 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Cumbria Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.

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 المستوطنات

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة الأماكن في كمبريا

التقسيم الاداري	المركز الاداري		بلدات وقرى ومستوطنات أخرى
Allerdale	Workington		Aspatria Cockermouth Harrington Keswick Maryport Silloth Wigton
Barrow-in-Furness	Barrow-in-Furness		Askam and Ireleth Dalton-in-Furness
Carlisle	Carlisle		Brampton Dalston Longtown
Copeland	Whitehaven		Arlecdon and Frizington Cleator Moor Egremont Millom St Bees
Eden	Penrith		Alston Appleby-in-Westmorland Kirkby Stephen Shap Kirkoswald
South Lakeland	Kendal		Ambleside Bowness-on-Windermere Coniston Grasmere Hawkshead Kirkby Lonsdale Milnthorpe Sedbergh Ulverston Windermere

 مدن شقيقة

المستوطنة	المقاطعة	المدينة الشقيقة
كارلايل	كارلايل	Flensburg, Germany Słupsk، پولندا
Cockermouth	Allerdale	Marvejols، فرنسا
Dalton-in-Furness	Barrow-in-Furness	Dalton, Pennsylvania، الولايات المتحدة
Kendal	South Lakeland	Killarney, Ireland Rinteln، ألمانيا
Penrith	إيدن	Penrith, New South Wales، أستراليا
Sedbergh	South Lakeland	Zreče، سلوڤينيا
Ulverston	South Lakeland	Albert، فرنسا
Whitehaven	Copeland	Kozloduy، بلغاريا
Windermere	South Lakeland	Diessen am Ammersee، ألمانيا
Workington	Allerdale	Selm, Germany Val-de-Reuil، فرنسا

 الرياضة

Brunton Park, the home of Carlisle United

Craven Park, home of Barrow Raiders

 أشهر الأماكن

Furness Abbey

Lake Windermere

Thirlmere

Abbot Hall Art Gallery Appleby-In-Westmorland (Gypsy fair) Bassenthwaite Lake Bewcastle Black Combe Blackwell Brantwood Brough Castle Brougham Castle Brougham Hall Broughton in Furness Brougham Castle Buttermere Cartmel Priory Carlisle Castle Carlisle Cathedral Castlerigg Stone Circle Church of St Olaf, Wasdale Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk Cockermouth, "Gem" Town Coniston Water Crummock Water Cumbria Coastal Way long distance footpath Cumbria Way long distance footpath Dales Way long distance footpath Dalton Castle Derwent Water Dock Museum Dove Cottage Egremont Castle Eden Valley Railway Ennerdale Water Eskdale Fell Foot Park Firbank Fell Fisher Tarn Reservoir Furness Furness Abbey Grange-Over-Sands Haig Colliery Mining Museum Harrison Stickle Hadrian's Wall Hartley Castle Haweswater Hawkshead Grammar School Museum Hill Top Hoad Monument Hodbarrow Nature Reserve

Holker Hall Kendal Castle Kentmere Killington Reservoir Kirkby Lonsdale Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway Langwathby railway station Windermere Lakeland Wildlife Oasis Lanercost Priory Laurel & Hardy Museum Levens Hall Millom Millom Folk Museum Muncaster Castle Museum of Lakeland Life National Nature Reserves in Cumbria Pennine Way long distance footpath Penrith Castle Piel Island Quaker tapestry RAF Millom Museum Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway – heritage railway Rey Cross Rheged Rydal Water Sea to Sea Cycle Route Seathwaite Tarn Sellafield Nuclear Reprocessing Facility Silecroft Silloth on Solway Sizergh Castle & Garden South Lakes Wild Animal Park St Bees St Bees Priory St Bees Head Staveley Swarthmoor Hall Thirlmere Ullswater Ulverston Vickerstown Wasdale Head Wast Water Whitehaven Whinfell Forest Windermere Steamboat Museum

 مشاهير المقاطعة

Abraham Acton Jack Adams Aim Sir John Barrow Derrick Bird Bill Birkett Norman Birkett Chris Bonington British Sea Power Melvyn Bragg Baron Campbell-Savours Donald Campbell Thomas Cape Fletcher Christian Lady Anne Clifford Samuel Taylor Coleridge Glenn Cornick Mark Cueto Wayne Curtis John Dalton Thomas DeQuincey Steve Dixon Brian Donnelly Troy Donockley Francis Dunnery Margaret Fell Sheila Fell Anna Ford Douglas Ferreira Kathleen Ferrier

Norman Gifford Edmund Grindal Ade Gardner Sarah Hall Willie Horne Francis Howgill Emlyn Hughes Thomas Henry Ismay Maurice Flitcroft Harry Hadley Nigel Kneale Phil Jackson Nella Last Stan Laurel Jimmy Lewthwaite Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale Ian McDonald Frank McPherson Vic Metcalfe Dave Myers Joss Naylor Norman Nicholson Saint Ninian Catherine Parr Baron Peart John Peel Jack Pelter Beatrix Potter Peter Purves

Sir James Ramsden Dame Stella Rimington Eric Robson George Romney Thomas Round Adam Roynon John Ruskin Helen Skelton Montagu Slater Richard T. Slone James Alexander Smith Robert Southey Lord Soulsby Constance Spry Gary Stevens Stuart Stockdale Karen Taylor Edward Troughton Keith Tyson Josefina de Vasconcellos Alfred Wainwright Eric Wallace William Whitelaw John Wilkinson Len Wilkinson Malcolm Wilson Christopher Wordsworth Dorothy Wordsworth William Wordsworth

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  Stan Laurel

• 

  Beatrix Potter

• 

  William Wordsworth

 انظر أيضاً

• موضوعات عن إنگلترة
• قائمة الموضوعات المتعلقة بكمبريا
• الحدود الإنگليزية الإسكتلندية
• مجلس مقاطعة كمبريا
• اللهجة الكمبرية
• اللغة الكمبرية
• تسمية أسمء الأماكن الكمبرية
• Cumbrian toponymy
• List of High Sheriffs of Cumbria
• List of Lord Lieutenants of Cumbria

 وصلات خارجية

• Visit Cumbria Tourism Guide to Cumbria with over 1,000 information pages.