المعرفة

جامعة هومبولت في برلين

(تم التحويل من جامعة هومبولدت في برلين)
لمعلومات عن جامعة ولاية كاليفورنيا في أركاتا، كاليفورنيا، انظر جامعة هومبولت الحكومية.

جامعة هومبولت في برلين (بالألمانية: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin، واختصارها HU Berlin) هي أقدم جامعة في برلين، إذ تأسست في 1810 تحت اسم جامعة برلين (Universität zu Berlin) على يد المصلح التربوي الپروسي الليبرالي وعالم اللسانيات ڤيلهلم فون هومبولت، الذي بناها على نسق الجامعات الاوروبية والغربية الأخرى. ومنذ 1828 عـُرفت بإسم جامعة فردريك ڤيلهلم (ألمانية: Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität).[7][8] During the Cold War, the university found itself in East Berlin and was de facto split in two when the Free University of Berlin opened in West Berlin. The university received its current name in honour of Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1949.[9]

جامعة هومبولت في برلين
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Huberlin-logo.svg
Seal of the Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis (Latin)
الشعارUniversitas litterarum (Latin)
الشعار بالعربيةThe Entity of Sciences
النوعPublic
تأسست15 أكتوبر 1810; منذ 213 سنة (1810-10-15[1]
الميزانية€483.3 million (2020)[2]
الرئيسJulia von Blumenthal
الطاقم الأكاديمي2,403[3]
الطاقم الاداري1,516[3]
الطلبة32,553[3]
طلاب نحو البكالوريوس18,712[4]
دارسون بعد التخرج10,881[4]
عدد طلبة الدكتوراه2,951[4]
الموقعBerlin، Germany
52°31′05″N 13°23′36″E / 52.51806°N 13.39333°E / 52.51806; 13.39333Coordinates: 52°31′05″N 13°23′36″E / 52.51806°N 13.39333°E / 52.51806; 13.39333
الحرمUrban and Suburban
Nobel Laureates57 (as of 2020)[5]
الألوانBlue and White         [6]
AffiliationsGerman Universities Excellence Initiative
UNICA
U15
Atomium Culture
EUA
IAU
FGU
Erasmus
الموقع الإلكترونيhu-berlin.de
Humbold Universität Logo.png

The university is divided into nine faculties including its medical school shared with the Freie Universität Berlin. The university has a student enrollment of around 32,000 students, and offers degree programs in some 189 disciplines from undergraduate to post-doctorate level.[10] Its main campus is located on the Unter den Linden boulevard in central Berlin. The university is known worldwide for pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education, which has strongly influenced other European and Western universities.[11]

It was regarded as the world's preeminent university for the natural sciences during the 19th and early 20th century, as the university is linked to major breakthroughs in physics and other sciences by its professors, such as Albert Einstein.[12] Past and present faculty and notable alumni include 57 Nobel Prize laureates[5] (the most of any German university by a substantial margin), as well as eminent philosophers, sociologists, artists, lawyers, politicians, mathematicians, scientists, and heads of state; among them are: Albert Einstein, Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Robert Koch, Theodor Mommsen, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Otto von Bismarck, W. E. B. Du Bois, Angela Davis, Arthur Schopenhauer, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Walter Benjamin, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Karl Liebknecht, Ernst Cassirer, Heinrich Heine, Eduard Fraenkel, Max Planck and the Brothers Grimm.

As one of Germany's most prestigious institutions of higher education, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin has been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative.

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التاريخ

المبنى الرئيسي

The main building of Humboldt-Universität is the Prinz-Heinrich-Palais (English: Prince Henry's Palace) on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. It was erected from 1748 to 1753 for Prince Henry of Prussia, the brother of Frederick the Great, according to plans by Johann Boumann in Baroque style. In 1809, the former Royal Prussian residence was converted into a university building. Damaged during the Allied bombing in World War II, it was rebuilt from 1949 to 1962.[13]

In 1967, eight statues from the destroyed Potsdam City Palace were placed on the side wings of the university building. Currently there is discussion about returning the statues to the Potsdam City Palace, which was rebuilt as the Landtag of Brandenburg in 2013.[14]

التاريخ المبكر

 
تمثال ڤيلهلم فون همبولت أمام المبنى الرئيسي. الفنان: پول أوتو.

The University of Berlin was established on 16 August 1809, on the initiative of the liberal Prussian educational politician Wilhelm von Humboldt by King Friedrich Wilhelm III, similar to University of Bonn, during the period of the Prussian Reform Movement. The university was located in a palace constructed from 1748 to 1766[15] for the late Prince Henry, the younger brother of Frederick the Great.[16] After his widow and her ninety-member staff moved out, the first unofficial lectures were given in the building in the winter of 1809.[16] Humboldt faced great resistance to his ideas as he set up the university. He submitted his resignation to the King in April 1810, and was not present when the school opened that fall.[1] The first students were admitted on 6 October 1810, and the first semester started on 10 October 1810, with 256 students and 52 lecturers[9] in faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy under rector Theodor Schmalz. The university celebrates 15 October 1810 as the date of its opening.[1] In 1810, at the time of the opening, the university established the first academic chair in the field of history in the world.[17] From 1828 to 1945, the school was named the Friedrich Wilhelm University, in honor of its founder. Ludwig Feuerbach, then one of the students, made a comment on the university in 1826: "There is no question here of drinking, duelling and pleasant communal outings; in no other university can you find such a passion for work, such an interest for things that are not petty student intrigues, such an inclination for the sciences, such calm and such silence. Compared to this temple of work, the other universities appear like public houses."[18]

The university has been home to many of Germany's greatest thinkers of the past two centuries, among them the subjective idealist philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, the theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, the absolute idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, the Romantic legal theorist Friedrich Carl von Savigny, the anti-optimist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, the objective idealist philosopher Friedrich Schelling, cultural critic Walter Benjamin, and famous physicists Albert Einstein and Max Planck.

 
Friedrich Wilhelm University in 1850

التوسعة

 
Statue of Alexander von Humboldt outside Humboldt-Universität, from 1883 by artist Reinhold Begas.

In addition to the strong anchoring of traditional subjects, such as science, law, philosophy, history, theology and medicine, the university developed to encompass numerous new scientific disciplines. Alexander von Humboldt, brother of the founder William, promoted the new learning. The construction of modern research facilities in the second half of the 19th century aided the teaching of the natural sciences. Famous researchers, such as the chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann, the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, the mathematicians Ernst Eduard Kummer, Leopold Kronecker, Karl Weierstrass, the physicians Johannes Peter Müller, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Albrecht von Graefe, Rudolf Virchow, and Robert Koch, contributed to Berlin University's scientific fame.

 
Friedrich Wilhelm University became an emulated model of a modern university in the 19th century (photochrom from 1900).[19]

الرايخ الثالث

 
الجامعة عام 1938.

After 1933, like all German universities, Friedrich Wilhelm University was affected by the Nazi regime. The rector during this period was Eugen Fischer. It was from the university's library that some 20,000 books by "degenerates" and opponents of the regime were taken to be burned on 10 May of that year in the Opernplatz (now the Bebelplatz) for a demonstration protected by the SA that also featured a speech by Joseph Goebbels. A monument to this can now be found in the center of the square, consisting of a glass panel opening onto an underground white room with empty shelf space for 20,000 volumes and a plaque, bearing an epigraph from an 1820 work by Heinrich Heine: "Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen" ("This was but a prelude; where they burn books, they ultimately burn people").

The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (German "Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums") resulted in 250 Jewish professors and employees being fired from Friedrich Wilhelm University during 1933–1934 and numerous doctorates being withdrawn. Students and scholars and political opponents of Nazis were ejected from the university and often deported. During this time nearly one third of all of the staff were fired by the Nazis.

الحرب الباردة

 
حجرة تعرضت للقصف في معهد الكيمياء بالجامعة (Chemisches Institut der Universität)، 1950


ألمانيا الشرقية

 
Hجامعة هومبولت عام 1964.


 
المكتبة الملكية، مقر كلية الحقوق حالياً.
 
The متحف هومبولت، اكبر متحف للتاريخ الطبيعي في ألمانيا.


مشاهير الخريجيين، الأساتذة والمحاضرين

المقالة الرئيسية: List of Humboldt University of Berlin people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Humboldt University of Berlin
 
اوتو فون بسمارك
 
ألبرت أينشتاين
 
گيورگ ڤيلهلم فريدريش هيگل
 
ڤرنر هايزنبرگ
 
Yeshayahu Leibowitz
 
ماكس پلانك
 
ياكوب وڤيلهلم گريم

يوجد 40 حائز لجائزة نوبل من خريجي الجامعة:

 
ألبرت أبراهام ميكلسون
 
اوتو هان


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التصنيفات الدولية

عام 2011 كان ترتيب كيو إس ترتيب جامعات العالم[21] لجامعة هومبولت رقم 132 على مستوى العالم، رقم 6 في ألمانيا. وكانت ترتيباتها: رقم 27 في الفنون والإنسانيات، رقم 186 في الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، 65 في علوم الحياة والطب الحيوي، 49 في العلوم الطبيعية، و59 في العلوم الاجتماعية.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت Langner, Stefanie. "Man beruft eben tüchtige Männer und läßt die Universität sich allmählich encadrieren — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de.[dead link]
  2. ^ "Leistungsbericht über das Jahr 2020 zur Umsetzung des Hochschulvertrags 2018 – 2022" (PDF) (in الألمانية). Senate Chancellery of Berlin. p. 27. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  3. ^ أ ب ت "Facts and Figures". Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  4. ^ أ ب ت "Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  5. ^ أ ب List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
  6. ^ design. "Hausfarben der Humboldt-Universität". Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (in الألمانية). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Humboldt University of Berlin – university, Berlin, Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  8. ^ During that period, it was also unofficially called Universität unter den Linden after its location in the former palace of Prince Henry of Prussia which his brother, King Frederick II, had built for him between 1748 and 1753 on the avenue Unter den Linden.
  9. ^ أ ب "Berlin's oldest university faces new challenges as it turns 200". Deutsche Welle. 15 October 2010.
  10. ^ hu_adm. "Daten und Zahlen zur Humboldt-Universität — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  11. ^ Connell Helen, University Research Management Meeting the Institutional Challenge: Meeting the Institutional Challenge, p. 137, OECD, 2005, ISBN 9789264017450
  12. ^ Hans C. Ohanian, Einstein's Mistakes: The Human Failings of Genius, p. 156, W. W. Norton & Company, 2009, ISBN 9780393070422
  13. ^ Humboldt-Universität (in German) Landesdenkmalamt Berlin
  14. ^ ladenbea. "Die Attikaskulpturen". Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (in الألمانية). Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  15. ^ temp_adm. "Short History — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de.
  16. ^ أ ب Nolte, Dorothee (12 October 2009). "200 Jahre Humboldt-Uni: Der Ort: Ein Palais Unter den Linden" – via Die Zeit.
  17. ^ Benedict Anderson (1991). Imagined Communities. New York City & London: Verso Books. p. 194. ISBN 0-86091-329-5.
  18. ^ Mclellan, David (1981). Karl Marx: A Biography (Fourth ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 15.
  19. ^ Rüegg 2004, pp. 4–6
  20. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(politician)
  21. ^ http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011?page=2

وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 52°31′05″N 13°23′36″E / 52.51806°N 13.39333°E / 52.51806; 13.39333{{#coordinates:}}: لا يمكن أن يكون هناك أكثر من وسم أساسي واحد لكل صفحة

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