و.إ.ب. ديو بويس

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( /djuːˈbɔɪs/ dew-BOYSS; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community, and after completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

و.إ.ب. ديو بويس
W. E. B. Du Bois in 1918
وُلِدَ	William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-02-23)فبراير 23, 1868 Great Barrington, Massachusetts, U.S.
توفي	أغسطس 27, 1963(1963-08-27) (aged 95) Accra, Ghana
المدرسة الأم	Fisk University Harvard University University of Berlin
اللقب	The Souls of Black Folk Black Reconstruction in America The Crisis
الزوج	Nina Gomer (ز. 1896; و. 1950) Lola Shirley Graham Jr. (ز. 1951)
الأنجال	2, including Yolande
الجوائز	Spingarn Medal 1920 Lenin Peace Prize 1959
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	Civil rights, sociology, history
الهيئات	Atlanta University, NAACP
أطروحة	The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870 (1896)
المشرف على الدكتوراه	Albert Bushnell Hart
أثـَّر عليه	Alexander Crummell William James
التوقيع

Earlier, Du Bois had risen to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of African-American activists that wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta compromise, an agreement crafted by Booker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic educational and economic opportunities. Instead, Du Bois insisted on full civil rights and increased political representation, which he believed would be brought about by the African-American intellectual elite. He referred to this group as the Talented Tenth, a concept under the umbrella of Racial uplift, and believed that African Americans needed the chances for advanced education to develop its leadership.

Racism was the main target of Du Bois's polemics, and he strongly protested against lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. His cause included people of color everywhere, particularly Africans and Asians in colonies. He was a proponent of Pan-Africanism and helped organize several Pan-African Congresses to fight for the independence of African colonies from European powers. Du Bois made several trips to Europe, Africa and Asia. After World War I, he surveyed the experiences of American black soldiers in France and documented widespread prejudice and racism in the United States military.

Du Bois was a prolific author. His collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, is a seminal work in African-American literature; and his 1935 magnum opus, Black Reconstruction in America, challenged the prevailing orthodoxy that blacks were responsible for the failures of the Reconstruction Era. Borrowing a phrase from Frederick Douglass, he popularized the use of the term color line to represent the injustice of the separate but equal doctrine prevalent in American social and political life. He opens The Souls of Black Folk with the central thesis of much of his life's work: "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line."

His 1940 autobiography Dusk of Dawn is regarded in part as one of the first scientific treatises in the field of American sociology, and he published two other life stories, all three containing essays on sociology, politics and history. In his role as editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis, he published many influential pieces. Du Bois believed that capitalism was a primary cause of racism, and he was generally sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his life. He was an ardent peace activist and advocated nuclear disarmament. The United States' Civil Rights Act, embodying many of the reforms for which Du Bois had campaigned his entire life, was enacted a year after his death.

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 الأعمال المختارة

 كتب غير روائية

• The Study of the Negro Problems (1898)
• The Philadelphia Negro (1899)
• The Negro in Business (1899)
• The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
• "The Talented Tenth", second chapter of The Negro Problem, a collection of articles by African Americans (September 1903)
• Voice of the Negro II (September 1905)
• John Brown: A Biography (1909)
• Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans (1909)
• Atlanta University's Studies of the Negro Problem (1897–1910)
• The Negro (1915)
• The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America (1924)
• Africa, Its Geography, People and Products (1930)
• Africa: Its Place in Modern History (1930)
• Black Reconstruction in America (1935)
• What the Negro Has Done for the United States and Texas (1936)
• Black Folk, Then and Now (1939)
• Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace (1945)
• The Encyclopedia of the Negro (1946)
• The World and Africa (1946)
• The World and Africa, an Inquiry into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History (1947)
• Peace Is Dangerous (1951)
• I Take My Stand for Peace (1951)
• In Battle for Peace (1952)
• Africa in Battle Against Colonialism, Racialism, Imperialism (1960)

 مقالات

• "The Study of the Negro Problems." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 11, 1898, pp. 1–23.
• "An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War." The Crisis, vol. 18, no. 2, June 1919, pp. 63–87.
• "Liberia, the League and the United States." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 4, July 1933, pp. 682-695. DOI:10.2307/20030546.
• "Inter-Racial Implications of the Ethiopian Crisis: A Negro View." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 1, October 1935, pp. 82-92. DOI:10.2307/20030704.
• "Black Africa Tomorrow." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 1, October 1938, pp. 100-110. DOI:10.2307/20028906.

 سير ذاتية

• Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil (1920)
• Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940)
• The Autobiography of W. E. Burghardt Du Bois (1968)

 روايات

• The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911)
• Dark Princess: A Romance (1928)
• The Black Flame Trilogy:
  • The Ordeal of Mansart (1957)
  • Mansart Builds a School (1959)
  • Worlds of Color (1961)

 أرشيف الأزمة

Du Bois edited The Crisis from 1910 to 1933, and it contains many of his important polemics.

• Archives of The Crisis at the University of Tulsa: Modernist Journals Collection
• Archives of The Crisis at Brown University
• Issues of The Crisis at Google Books

 تسجيلات

• Socialism and the American Negro (1960)
• W. E. B. Du Bois: A Recorded Autobiography, Interview with Moses Asch (1961)

 أطروحات

• The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870, (Ph.D. dissertation), Harvard Historical Studies, Longmans, Green, and Co. (1896)

 خطب

• Foner, Philip S., ed. (1970). W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses, 1890–1919. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-181-6.
• Foner, Philip S., ed. (1970). W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses, 1920–1963. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-182-3.

 Archival material

The W. E. B. Du Bois Library at the University of Massachusetts Amherst contains Du Bois's archive, 294 boxes, 89 microfilm reels. 99,625 items have been digitized.

 See also

• Fisk University protest
• Grand Prix of Literary Associations
• List of civil rights leaders

 References

• Gabbidon, Shaun (2007), W. E. B. Du Bois on Crime and Justice: Laying the Foundations of Sociological Criminology, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7546-4956-4.
• Horne, Gerald (2010), W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-34979-9.
• Johnson, Brian (2008), W. E. B. Du Bois: Toward Agnosticism, 1868–1934, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-6449-7.
• Lewis, David Levering (2009), W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography, Henry Holt and Co. Single volume edition, updated, of his 1994 and 2001 works. ISBN 978-0-8050-8769-7.
• Du Bois, W. E. B.; Wilson, Woodrow (1973). "My Impressions of Woodrow Wilson". The Journal of Negro History. 58 (4): 453–459. doi:10.2307/2716751. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2716751.
• Lomotey, Kofi (2009), Encyclopedia of African American Education, Volume 1, Sage, ISBN 978-1-4129-4050-4.
• Marable, Manning (2005), W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat, Paradigm Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59451-018-2.
• Rabaka, Reiland (2009), Du Bois's Dialectics: Black Radical Politics and the Reconstruction of Critical Social Theory, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-1958-7.
• Young, Mary, and Horne, Gerald (eds.) (2001), W. E. B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-29665-9.

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 Further reading

ڤيديو خارجي

Presentation by Kwame Anthony Appiah on Lines of Descent, April 29, 2014, C-SPAN

ڤيديو خارجي

Booknotes interview with David Levering Lewis on W.E.B. Du Bois: The Biography of a Race, 1868-1919, January 2, 1994, C-SPAN

Presentation by Lewis on W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 at the Atlanta History Center, October 30, 2000, C-SPAN

Interview with Lewis about W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963, April 29, 2001, C-SPAN

Presentation by Lewis about his Du Bois biographies at the National Book Festival, September 8, 2001, C-SPAN

Presentation by Lewis and Deborah Willis on their book A Small Nation of People: W.E.B. Du Bois and African American Portraits of Progress, October 29, 2003, C-SPAN

• Appiah, Kwame Anthony (2014). Lines of Descent: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72491-4.
• Broderick, Francis L. (1959), W. E. B. Du Bois: Negro Leader in a Time of Crisis, Stanford University Press. قالب:ASIN.
• Bulmer, Martin (1991). "W. E. B. Du Bois as a Social Investigator: The Philadelphia Negro, 1899", in Martin Bulmer, Kevin Bales, and Kathryn Kish Sklar, eds. The Social Survey in Historical Perspective, 1880–1940 pp. 170–188.
• Crouch, Stanley and Playthell, Benjamin (2002), Reconsidering The Souls of Black Folk, Running Press.
• Dorrien, Gary (2015). The New Abolition: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Black Social Gospel. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300205602.
• Gooding-Williams, Robert (2009), In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America, Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03526-3.
• Holt, Thomas C. "Du Bois, W. E. B." in American National Biography Online (2000).
• Hubbard, Dolan (ed.) (2003). The Souls of Black Folk: One Hundred Years Later, University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1433-1.
• Lewis, David Levering (1994), W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919, Owl Books. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, Bancroft Prize, and the Francis Parkman Prize. ISBN 978-0-8050-6813-9.
• Lewis, David Levering (2001), W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919–1963, Owl Books. Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. ISBN 978-0-8050-6813-9.
• Lewis, David Levering, and Willis, Deborah (2005), A Small Nation of People: W. E. B. Du Bois and African American Portraits of Progress, HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-081756-9.
• Meier, August (1963), Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472061181.
• Mullen, Bill V. (2015). Un-American: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Century of World Revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1439911105.
• Mullen, Bill V. (2016). W.E.B. Du Bois: Revolutionary Across the Color Line. London, UK: Pluto Press. ISBN 978 0 7453 3506 3.
• Rampersad, Arnold (1976), The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois, Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04711-2.
• Richardson, Mark. "W.E.B. Du Bois and the Redemption of the Body." In The Wings of Atalanta: Essays Written Along the Color Line. Camden House, 2019: 73-109. ISBN 1571132392.
• Rudwick, Elliott M. (1968), W. E. B. Du Bois: Propagandist of the Negro Protest, University of Pennsylvania Press, قالب:ASIN.
• Shaw, Stephanie J. (2013), W. E. B. Du Bois and "The Souls of Black Folk". Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469626437.
• Sterne, Emma Gelders (1971), His Was The Voice, The Life of W. E. B. Du Bois, Crowell-Collier Press. Book for children. قالب:ASIN.
• Sundquist, Eric J. (1996) (Ed.), The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois Reader, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509178-6.
• Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (2007), A Gift of the Spirit: Reading The Souls of Black Folk, Cornell University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8014-7353-5.
• Wright, William D. (1985), The Socialist Analysis of W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
• Zuckerman, Phil (2000), Du Bois on Religion, Rowman & Littlefield. A collection of Du Bois's writings on religion. ISBN 978-0-7425-0421-9.

 Documentaries

• Massiah, Louis (producer and director), W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography in Four Voices, documentary movie, 1996, California Newsreel

 External links

• Works by or about و.إ.ب. ديو بويس at Internet Archive
• Works by و.إ.ب. ديو بويس at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• W. E. B. Du Bois: Online Resources, from the Library of Congress
• W. E. B. Du Bois National Historic Site
• W. E. B. Du Bois in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
• أعمال من و.إ.ب. ديو بويس في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• "W. E. B. Du Bois". موسوعة الفلسفة على الإنترنت.
• "Writings of B. Washington and Du Bois" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
• Works by W. E. B. Du Bois at FRASER
• Audio of W. E. B. Du Bois lecturing on "Socialism and the American Negro", April 9, 1960 at YouTube
• W.E.B. Du Bois Papers held by the University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives
• W. E. B. Dubois Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.