المعرفة

تلسا، أوكلاهوما

(تم التحويل من تلسا)
"تلسا" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر تلسا (توضيح).

تلسا ( Tulsa ؛ /ˈtʌlsə/)، هي ثاني أكبر مدن ولاية أوكلاهوما يبلغ عدد سكانها 382.457 نسمة تأسست عام 1822 ولكن في بداية تأسسها كانت للهنود الحمر مع المستعمرين الأوروبيين ثم عام 1869 تم طرد الهنود من المدينة وقد تراجع عدد سكانها من 10آلاف نسمة إلى حوالي 6500نسمة ولكن عام 1901 في إحصائية تلك السنة بلغ عدد سكانها 18ألف نسمة. تلسا مركز رئيسي لصناعة النفط الأمريكي. وهي تقع على نهر أركنساس في شمال شرقي أوكلاهوما. وهي ميناؤها النشط ومركز صناعتها الرئيسية. عدد سكانها 393,049 نسمة وسكان المنطقة الحضرية 803,235 نسمة، ويوجد أكثر من 1000 مجمع صناعي في تُلسا تنتج الصناعات الرئيسية، ومنتجات المعادن المصنعة والآلات غير الكهربائية. وتقع أكبر مصفاة للنفط في أوكلاهوما خارج منطقة تُلسا بقليل. وقد تضاعف عدد سكان المدينة تقريبًا في الفترة مابين 1950 و1980.

Tulsa
City
The skyline of Downtown Tulsa (2023)
BOK Center
Philbrook Museum
The Tulsa Historic Route 66 sign
Boston Avenue Church
Golden Driller at SageNet Center
Oral Roberts University
علم Tulsa
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Tulsa
Seal
الكنية: 
"Oil Capital of the World", "Tulsey Town", "T-Town", "Green Country", "Buckle of the Bible Belt", "The 918"
الشعار: 
"A New Kind Of Energy"
Interactive map of Tulsa
Tulsa is located in أوكلاهوما
Tulsa
Tulsa
Location within Oklahoma
Tulsa is located in الولايات المتحدة
Tulsa
Tulsa
Location within the United States
Tulsa is located in أمريكا الشمالية
Tulsa
Tulsa
Location within North America
الإحداثيات: 36°07′53″N 95°56′14″W / 36.13139°N 95.93722°W / 36.13139; -95.93722Coordinates: 36°07′53″N 95°56′14″W / 36.13139°N 95.93722°W / 36.13139; -95.93722
CountryUnited States
StateOklahoma
CountiesOsage, Rogers, Tulsa, Wagoner
الحكومة
 • النوعMayor-Council
 • MayorG. T. Bynum (R)
المساحة
[1]
 • City201٫85 ميل² (522٫79 كم²)
 • البر197٫76 ميل² (512٫21 كم²)
 • الماء4٫09 ميل² (10٫58 كم²)
المنسوب
722 ft (194 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • City413٬066
 • الترتيب47th in the United States
2nd in Oklahoma
 • الكثافة2٬088٫67/sq mi (806٫44/km2)
 • Urban
722٬810 (US: 60th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية2٬136٫5/sq mi (824٫9/km2)
 • العمرانية
[2]
1٬023٬988 (US: 54th)
صفة المواطنTulsan
منطقة التوقيتUTC−6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
مفتاح الهاتف539/918
FIPS code40-75000
GNIS feature ID1100962[4]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.cityoftulsa.org

Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe and most of Tulsa is still part of the territory of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.[5][أ]

Historically, a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa's economy; however, today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance, aviation, telecommunications and technology.[6] Two institutions of higher education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level: Oral Roberts University and the University of Tulsa. As well, the University of Oklahoma has a secondary campus at the Tulsa Schusterman Center, and Oklahoma State University has a secondary campus located in downtown Tulsa. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname "Oil Capital of the World" and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry.[7]

It is situated on the Arkansas River between the Osage Hills and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma, a region of the state known as "Green Country". Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma,[8][9] Tulsa houses two art museums, full-time professional opera and ballet companies, and one of the nation's largest concentrations of art deco architecture.[10]

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التاريخ

 
The Meadow Gold sign greeted Route 66 travelers in Tulsa for decades.

The area where Tulsa now exists is considered Indian Territory, on the land of the Kiikaapoi (Kickapoo), Wahzhazhe Ma zha (Osage), Muscogee (Creek), and Caddo tribes, among others,[11] before it was first formally settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in 1836.[12] They established a small settlement under the Creek Council Oak Tree at the present-day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue and 18th Street. This area and this tree reminded Chief Tukabahchi and his small group of the Trail of Tears survivors of the bend in the river and their previous Creek Council Oak Tree back in the Tallassee, Alabama area. They named their new settlement Tallasi, meaning "old town" in Creek, which later became "Tulsa".[12] The area around Tulsa was also settled by members of the other so-called "Five Civilized Tribes" who had been relocated to Oklahoma from the Southern United States. Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee and Osage Nations.

Although Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War, the Tulsa area saw its share of fighting. The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on the north side of Tulsa and several battles and skirmishes took place in nearby counties. After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the federal government that in some cases required substantial land concessions. In the years after the Civil War and around the turn of the century, the area along the Arkansas River that is now Tulsa was periodically home to or visited by a series of colorful outlaws, including the legendary Wild Bunch, the Dalton Gang, and Little Britches.

In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that much of eastern Oklahoma, including much of Tulsa, falls in the category of Indian Country, reshaping much of the legal jurisdiction in the region. The Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribal communities welcomed the decision as a long-fought for victory.[13]


الإشهار ورخاء "عاصمة النفط"

Around August 1, 1882, the town was almost centered at a location just north of the current Whittier Square, when a construction crew laying out the line of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railroad chose that spot for a sidetrack.[14] However, an area merchant persuaded them to move the site further west into the Muscogee Nation, which had friendlier laws for white business owners.[14] On January 18, 1898, Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected Edward Calkins as the city's first mayor.[15]


الجغرافيا

 
The Tulsa skyline as viewed from Turkey Mountain.


المناخ

 
Lightning over downtown Tulsa is common in the spring months.
متوسطات الطقس لتلسا، أوكلاهوما
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر السنة
متوسط العظمى °ف (°م) 46 (7) 52 (11) 61 (16) 72 (22) 79 (26) 88 (31) 93 (33) 93 (33) 84 (28) 74 (23) 60 (15) 50 (10) 71 (21)
متوسط الصغرى °ف (°م) 26 (-3) 30 (-1) 39 (3) 50 (10) 59 (15) 68 (20) 72 (22) 70 (21) 62 (16) 51 (10) 38 (3) 30 (-1) 50 (10)
هطول الأمطار بوصة (cm) 1.5 (3) 1.9 (4) 3.1 (7) 3.8 (9) 5.7 (14) 4.5 (11) 3.4 (8) 2.9 (7) 4.2 (10) 3.4 (8) 2.6 (6) 2.0 (5) 39٫2 (99)
المصدر: Weatherbase[17] April 2007

الموقع

 
The Tulsa bus network, operating from its main transit center, helps meet city infrastructure needs.

تقع تولسا نصفها على سهل والنصف الآخر على جبل كانت فلي البداية على جبل ثم بني فيها أول بيت في سهلها عام 1877 وعندها كانتا بلدتين تول و سا كان مؤسس سا ياباني وسا باليابنية تعني السهل الواسع الممتد ثم عام 1900 تم توحديهما لذلك بلغ عددهم 18ألف بعدها بعام لأن الياباني الذي بنى في السهل جلب الكثير من الناس من تكساس وخصوصا العبيد الزنوج.

الحكومة والقانون

 
The Tulsa City Hall serves as the base for most city government functions.


منظر المدينة

 
Panoramic view of Centennial Park and Downtown, looking west
 
The Philtower, built in the art deco style, is surrounded by contemporary office buildings.
 
The Arkansas River marks the division between West Tulsa and other regions of the city.


الاقتصاد

 
The BOK Tower serves as the world headquarters for Williams Companies.
 
River developments such as the "Riverwalk Crossing" stem from recent economic initiatives.


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إرث صناعة الطاقة ومعاودة البزوغ

The United States Oil and Gas Association was founded in Tulsa on October 13, 1917.[18] Over the city's history many large oil companies have been headquartered in the city, including Warren Petroleum (which merged with Gulf Oil in what was then the largest merger in the energy industry), Skelly Oil, Getty Oil and CITGO. In addition, ConocoPhillips was headquartered in nearby Bartlesville. Industry consolidation and increased offshore drilling threatened Tulsa's status as an oil capital, but new drilling techniques and the rise of natural gas have buoyed the growth of the city's energy sector.

Today, Tulsa is again home to the headquarters of many international oil- and gas-related companies, including Williams Companies, ONE Gas, Syntroleum, ONEOK, Laredo Petroleum, Samson Resources, Helmerich & Payne, Magellan Midstream Partners, and Excel Energy.

التنويع والصناعات الناشئة

Tulsa has diversified to capitalize on its status as a regional hub with substantial innovation assets. Products from Tulsa manufacturers account for about sixty percent of Oklahoma's exports,[19] and in 2001, the city's total gross product was in the top one-third of metropolitan areas, states, and countries, with more than $29 billion in total goods, growing at a rate of $250 million each year.[20] In 2006, Forbes magazine rated Tulsa as second in the nation in income growth, and one of the best cities in the country to do business with.[21] Usually among the lowest in the nation in terms of cost of doing business, the Tulsa Metropolitan Area in 2005 was rated among the five lowest metropolitan areas in the United States for that category.[22]

Tulsa's primary employers are small and medium-sized businesses: there are 30 companies in Tulsa that employ more than 1,000 people locally,[23] and small businesses make up more than 80% of the city's companies.[24]

During a national recession from 2001 to 2003, the city lost 28,000 jobs.[19] In response, a development initiative, Vision 2025, promised to incite economic growth and recreate lost jobs. Projects spurred by the initiative promised urban revitalization, infrastructure improvement, tourism development, riverfront retail development, and further diversification of the economy. By 2007, employment levels had surpassed pre-recession heights[19][25] and the city was in a significant economic development and investment surge.[26] This economic improvement is also seen in Tulsa's housing trends which show an average of a 6% increase in rent in 2010.[27] Since 2006, more than 28,000 jobs have been added to the city. The unemployment rate of Tulsa in August 2014 was 4.5%.[28][29]

Though the oil industry has historically dominated Tulsa's economy, efforts in economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of aerospace, finance, technology, telecommunications, high tech, and manufacturing.[6] A number of substantial financial corporations are headquartered in Tulsa, the largest being the BOK Financial Corporation. Among these financial services firms are energy trading operations, asset management firms, investment funds, and a range of commercial banks. The national convenience store chain QuikTrip, fast-casual restaurant chain Camille's Sidewalk Cafe, and pizza chain Mazzio's are all headquartered in Tulsa, as is Southern regional BBQ restaurant Rib Crib. Tulsa is also home to the Marshall Brewing Company.

Tulsa is also home to a burgeoning media industry, including PennWell, consumer review website ConsumerAffairs, Stephens Media Group, This Land Press, Educational Development Corporation (the parent publisher of Kane/Miller), GEB America, Blooming Twig Books, and a full range of local media outlets, including Tulsa World and local magazines, radio and television. Tulsa is also a hub for national construction and engineering companies including Manhattan Construction Company and Flintco. A number of the Cherokee Nation Businesses are also headquartered or have substantial operations in Tulsa.

Tulsa's aerospace industry is substantial and growing. An American Airlines maintenance base at Tulsa International Airport is the city's largest employer and the largest maintenance facility in the world, serving as the airline's global maintenance and engineering headquarters.[30] American Airlines announced in February, 2020 that it will pour $550 million over seven years into its maintenance base, this being the largest single economic development investment in city history.[31] The Tulsa Port of Catoosa and the Tulsa International Airport house extensive transit-focused industrial parks.[32][33] Tulsa is also home to a division of Lufthansa, the headquarters of Omni Air International, and the Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology.

Tulsa is also part of the Oklahoma-South Kansas Unmanned Aerial Systems (drone) industry cluster, a region which awarded funding by the U.S. Small Business Administration to build on its progress as a hub this emerging industry.[34]

As the second largest metropolitan area in Oklahoma and a hub for the growing Northeastern Oklahoma-Northwest Arkansas-Southwestern Missouri corridor, the city is also home to a number of the region's most sophisticated law, accounting, and medical practices. Its location in the center of the nation also makes it a hub for logistics businesses; the Tulsa International Airport (TUL) and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa, connect the region with international trade and transportation.

Amazon recently announced plans to build a more than 600,000-square-foot fulfillment center near Tulsa International Airport. The company will invest an estimated $130 million for this state-of-the-art facility, which will employ around 1,500 people with an annual payroll of roughly $50 million.[35]

الديموغرافيا

التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
19001٬390
—
191018٬1821208.1%
192072٬075296.4%
1930141٬25896.0%
1940142٬1570.6%
1950182٬74028.5%
1960261٬68543.2%
1970331٬63826.7%
1980360٬9198.8%
1990367٬3021.8%
2000393٬0497.0%
تقديري 2007384٬037-2.3%
[36]
 
Tulsa is known as a "Buckle of the Bible Belt" due to a large presence of Christian beliefs and establishments, such as Oral Roberts University and its symbolic Prayer Tower.
 
One of its four primary care hospitals, the Cancer Treatment Centers of America has its southwest regional facility in Tulsa.

كانت أول إحصائية عام 1901 حيث بلغ عدد سكان البلدة 18ألف نسمة أما عام 1920 فقد بلغ عدد السكان 40ألف نسمة وقد كانت البلدة بلدة الفقراء عندها عام 1952 بلغ عدد السكان حوال 100ألف نسمة ثم بلغ عددهم عام 2005 382.457 نسمة.


التعليم

 
The McFarlin Library serves the University of Tulsa campus.
 
The Graduate Center houses Oral Roberts University's graduate college.


الثقافة

 
The Philbrook Museum, a former oil baron's estate, features extensive gardens and artwork.
 
Cyrus Dallin's Appeal to the Great Spirit in Woodward Park.
 
The iconic Golden Driller, built in 1953 for the 1966 International Petroleum Expo,[37] now stands at the Tulsa County Fairgrounds.


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الرياضة

 
The centerpiece of the Vision 2025 projects, the BOK Center, opened in August 2008.
 
The University of Tulsa football team competes at the NCAA Division 1 level.
النادي الرياضة الدوري الملعب
WNBA Tulsa (from 2010) Basketball WNBA BOK Center
Tulsa Golden Hurricane Various NCAA Division I Various, including Chapman Stadium (football) and Reynolds Center (basketball)
Oral Roberts Golden Eagles Various NCAA Division I Various, including Mabee Center (basketball)
Tulsa Drillers Baseball Texas League Drillers Stadium
Tulsa Oilers Ice Hockey Central Hockey League BOK Center
Tulsa Talons Arena Football af2 BOK Center
Tulsa 66ers Basketball NBADL Tulsa Convention Center
Tulsa Revolution[38] Soccer AISL Soccer City Indoor Sports Complex

الاعلام

 
The Tulsa World operates primarily from its headquarters in downtown Tulsa.


المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ According to the July 2020 US Supreme Court ruling McGirt v. Oklahoma, much of eastern Oklahoma, including parts of Tulsa, are part of various Indian reservations for the purpose of federal criminal prosecutions. Tribe members may also be exempt from certain regulations issued by non-tribal governments.[5]

المصادر

[1]

  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  3. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". USPS. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  4. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: تلسا، أوكلاهوما
  5. ^ أ ب "U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation". Reuters. July 9, 2020.
  6. ^ أ ب "Business Opportunities". Tulsa Metro Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006.
  7. ^ Everly-Douze, Susan (August 27, 1989). "What's Doing in Tulsa?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  8. ^ Kapoor, Tarun (April 19, 2007). "Business Viewpoint: Private sector plays big downtown role". Tulsa World. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  9. ^ "Tulsa, Oklahoma: Recreation". City Data. 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
  10. ^ "Quality of Life – Fun and Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2006. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
  11. ^ "NativeLand.ca". Native-land.ca - Our home on native land (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  12. ^ أ ب "Tulsa Area History". Tulsa County Library. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
  13. ^ Healy, Jack; Liptak, Adam (2020-07-11). "Landmark Supreme Court Ruling Affirms Native American Rights in Oklahoma". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  14. ^ أ ب Overall, Michael (October 16, 2022). "How Whittier Square could have been the middle of downtown Tulsa". Tulsa World. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  15. ^ Smith, Jeff (September 15, 2005). "Tulsa County History". Roots Web. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Cain's Ballroom
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Weatherbase
  18. ^ "A Brief History". usoga.org. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  19. ^ أ ب ت Winslow, Laurie (January 25, 2007). "Job gains make 2006 record year". Tulsa World. Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  20. ^ "About Tulsa". Tulsa Metro Chamber. 2007. Archived from the original on July 20, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  21. ^ "Tulsa, OK: Best Places to do Business 2006". Forbes Magazine. 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  22. ^ "Economic Profile and Forecast" (PDF). Tulsa Metro Chamber. 2005. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  23. ^ "Tulsa's Largest Employers". Tulsa Metro Chamber. pp. 3–5. Archived from the original (DOC) on November 16, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2006.
  24. ^ "Small Business Awards to honor Tulsa area business leaders". Tulsa Metro Chamber. May 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2006.
  25. ^ "2006 Oklahoma Economic Outlook" (PDF). Oklahoma State University. Center for Applied Economic Research. 2006. p. 1. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  26. ^ Gore, Connie (June 11, 2006). "Cap Rates Turning More Investors Onto Tulsa". Globest.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  27. ^ "Tulsa Today: Average Tulsa Apartment Rents Improve". Retrieved October 27, 2010.
  28. ^ "GrowMetroTulsa.com". GrowMetroTulsa.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  29. ^ "Tulsa's Future program announces near-record 907 jobs in January". Tulsa World. February 4, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  30. ^ "American's TUL Maintenance & Engineering Base Sets Goal to Achieve $500 Million in Revenue, Cost Savings By End of 2006". American Airlines. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  31. ^ "American Airlines to invest $550 million to improve, expand Tulsa maintenance facility". Rhett Morgan, Tulsa World, February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  32. ^ "Tulsa Port of Catoosa". Catoosa Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on November 19, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  33. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Tulsa International Airport
  34. ^ "Oklahoma South Kansas UAS cluster". Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  35. ^ "Amazon announces Tulsa fulfillment center | Grow Metro Tulsa". www.growmetrotulsa.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  36. ^ "Tulsa Data".
  37. ^ "Tulsa Landmarks". Best of Tulsa. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  38. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Tulsa Soccer

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
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