بيروبيجان
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بيروبيجان (روسية: Биробиджа́н; النطق الروسي: [bʲɪrəbʲɪˈdʐan]; باليديشية: ביראָבידזשאַן, Birobidzhan) هي بلدة ومركز اداري للأوبلاست اليهودية الذاتية، في روسيا، وتقع على سكة الحديد عبر سيبريا، بالقرب من الحدود الروسية الصينية. وحسب تعداد 2010، يبلغ عدد سكانها 75,413 نسمة، ولغتها الرسمية هي اليديشية.[6] بيروبيجان مسماة على اسمي أكبر نهرين في الأوبلاست الذاتي: بيرا و ru (بيجان). نهر بيرا، الذي يقع إلى الشرق من وادي بيجان، [15] يخترق البلدة. النهران روافد للآمور.
وقد أنشأها السوڤيت في اول الخمسينيات من القرن العشرون كحل شيوعى لمشكلة اليهود المطروحة والتى كانت تطالب بوطن قومي لهم. ولم تلاقى هذه التجربة الاهتمام اللازم ولم تجذب هذه المنطقة الاعداد التى كان مخطط لها من اليهود.
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الثقافة اليهودية واليديشية
The Russian Empire had the largest Jewish population in the world in the 19th and early 20th centuries and the majority of them were Ashkenazi Jews. Large numbers of them remained even after 2 million of them departed for other countries prior to the formation of the Soviet Union. While thousands of Jews migrated to Birobidzhan, the hardship and isolation caused most to leave. In 1939 the Jewish population made up less than twenty percent of the overall population.[16] Shortly after World War II, the Jewish population in the region reached its peak of about 30,000.[17] As of the mid-2010s, only about 2,000 Jews remain in the region, making up about one half of a percent of the population.[17]
Yiddish, at that time widely regarded as the lingua franca of the Jewish community, was meant to help integrate the Jewish population into the Soviet population. The language would ensure 'national in form, socialist in content' was being followed by the Soviet Jewry.[18] Many government officials in the Kremlin were under the impression that Birobidzhan was to become the new center for Soviet Jewish life, which is why Jewish migration to Birobidzhan was strongly pushed during the 1920s.[18]
The Jewish religious community in Birobidzhan was officially registered in 1946. The religious community suffered persecution in the early 1950s.[19] Jewish culture was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters opened in the 1970s. Yiddish and Jewish traditions have been required components in all public schools for almost fifteen years, taught not as Jewish exotica but as part of the region's national heritage.[20] The Birobidzhan Synagogue, completed in 2004, is next to a complex housing Sunday School classrooms, a library, a museum, and administrative offices. The buildings were officially opened in 2004 to mark the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[21]
According to Israeli Rabbi Mordechai Scheiner, the former Chief Rabbi of Birobidzhan and Chabad Lubavitch representative to the region, "Today one can enjoy the benefits of the Yiddish culture and not be afraid to return to their Jewish traditions. It's safe without any anti-Semitism, and we plan to open the first Jewish day school here."[22] Scheiner also hosted the Russian television show, Yiddishkeit in the region. His student, actually born in Birobidzhan, Rabbi Eliyahu Riss, has taken over the reins since 2010.
The town's synagogue opened in 2004.[23] Rabbi Scheiner says there are 4,000 Jews in Birobidzhan, just over 5 percent of the town's population of 75,000.[24] The Birobidzhan Jewish community was led by Lev Toitman, until his death in September, 2007.[25]
Concerning the Jewish community of the oblast, Governor Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov has stated that he intends to "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations".[26] In 2007, the Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched by Yiddish studies professor Boris Kotlerman of Bar-Ilan University.[27] The town's main street is named after the Yiddish language author and humorist Sholom Aleichem.[28]
For the Chanukah celebration of 2007, officials of Birobidzhan in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast claimed to have built the world's largest menorah.[29] A November 2017 article in The Guardian, titled, "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage", examined the current status of the city and suggested that, even though the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia's far east is now barely 1% Jewish, officials hope to woo back people who left after Soviet collapse.[30]
Rabbi Eli Riss has set out to return the Jewish culture to the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The current slogan is "make Birobidzhan Jewish again". The people want this to include teaching Yiddish in the school systems again as well as celebrating the variety of Jewish holidays. Riss' parents were originally residents of Birobidzhan, but moved to Israel in the 90's along with a large majority of the Jewish population from the Oblast. He came back as the Chief Rabbi with plans of reinvigorating the Jewish culture. There are already plans for a kosher restaurant, supermarket, and mikveh. Riss is trying to make Birobidzhan a 'safe place for Jews' and has already stated that it is one of the few places he has been where he has not experienced any anti-semitism.[31]
الوضع الاداري والبلدي
Birobidzhan is the administrative center of the autonomous oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Birobidzhansky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Birobidzhan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Birobidzhan is incorporated as Birobidzhan Urban Okrug.[7]
الاقتصاد والبنية التحتية والنقل
The chief economic activity is light industry, including textile and footwear. The city also has a vehicle repair factory, a furniture factory, a quicklime production factory, and several foodstuff factories. Khabarovsk is the closest major city to Birobidzhan and provides the closest major airport access to it, which is Khabarovsk Novy Airport (KHV / UHHH), 198 km from the center of Birobidzhan.
المناخ
Birobidzhan experiences a harsh, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) that is typified by very large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and severely cold (and dry) winters.[32]
| بيانات مناخ بيروبيجان | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | -0.4 (31.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
33.7 (92.7) |
37.1 (98.8) |
39.9 (103.8) |
36.8 (98.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
16.1 (61) |
5.2 (41.4) |
39٫9 (103٫8) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -15.6 (3.9) |
-10.9 (12.4) |
0.2 (32.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
-4.1 (24.6) |
-14.2 (6.4) |
7٫0 (44٫6) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -22.2 (-8) |
-16.5 (2.3) |
-6.4 (20.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.9 (66) |
21.1 (70) |
19.2 (66.6) |
12.8 (55) |
3.9 (39) |
-9.2 (15.4) |
-18.8 (-1.8) |
1٫9 (35٫4) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -27.4 (-17.3) |
-26.4 (-15.5) |
-16.5 (2.3) |
-3.4 (25.9) |
5.0 (41) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
-1.3 (29.7) |
-16.9 (1.6) |
-26.6 (-15.9) |
−3٫6 (25٫5) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −43.7 (-46.7) |
−39.9 (-39.8) |
−34.1 (-29.4) |
−19.7 (-3.5) |
-3.9 (25) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
-3.9 (25) |
-19.8 (-3.6) |
−33.6 (-28.5) |
−37.9 (-36.2) |
−43٫7 (−46٫7) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 6 (0.24) |
5 (0.2) |
13 (0.51) |
35 (1.38) |
61 (2.4) |
108 (4.25) |
147 (5.79) |
154 (6.06) |
88 (3.46) |
35 (1.38) |
19 (0.75) |
11 (0.43) |
682 (26٫85) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 84 |
| Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) [33] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: [www.retscreen.net/ru/home.php NASA RETScreen Database] | |||||||||||||
الرياضة
The bandy club Nadezhda[34] has been playing in the 2nd highest division, the Russian Bandy Supreme League, until the 2016–17 season.[35] However, in 2017-18 the team did not play in the league.[36]
البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة
Birobidzhan is twinned with:[37]
Beaverton, United States
Niigata, Japan
Hegang, China- Yichun, China
Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Israel- Nof HaGalil, Israel
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انظر أيضاً
- In Search of Happiness, a documentary about modern-day Birobidzhan
- Organization for Jewish Colonization in the Soviet Union (IKOR)
- History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
- Beit T'shuva
- Boris "Dov" Kaufman
- Yoel Razvozov, an Israeli judoka and member of Parliament, born in Birobidzhan
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Law #982-OZ
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةgr - ^ أ ب Charter of Birobidzhan, Article 16
- ^ Official website of Birobidzhan. [1] (in روسية)
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Economic and Social Measures of the Urban Okrugs and Urban Settlements in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast—the Town of Birobidzhan (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)
- ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب ت Law #226-OZ
- ^ قالب:OKTMO reference
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
- ^ Charter of Birobidzhan, Article 1
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России. (All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года (All-Union Population Census of 1979) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1979. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Britannica Academic, s.v. "Birobidzhan," accessed January 31, 2019, https://academic-eb-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Birobidzhan/15382.
- ^ Slepyan, Kenneth (1 January 2000). "The Soviet Partisan Movement and the Holocaust". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 14 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1093/hgs/14.1.1.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةPipes-NRoB-27-10-16 - ^ أ ب Weinberg, Robert (1996). "Jewish revival in Birobidzhan in the mirror of Birobidzhanskaya zvezda, 1946–49". East European Jewish Affairs. 26: 35–53. doi:10.1080/13501679608577817.
- ^ Kotlerman, Ber (August 2012). "If there had been no synagogue there, they would have had to invent it: the case of the Birobidzhan "religious community of the Judaic creed" on the threshold of perestroika". East European Jewish Affairs. 42 (2): 87–97. doi:10.1080/13501674.2012.699205. S2CID 159829874.
- ^ Jta.org
- ^ FJC | News | Birobidzhan - New Rabbi, New Synagogue Archived سبتمبر 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wiseman, Michael C. (2010). "Birobidjan: The Story of the First Jewish State". Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse [Online]. 2 (4): 1. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ FJC | News | Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic Archived مايو 18, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ FJC | News | From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land Archived أبريل 11, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Far East Jewish Community Chairman Passes Away Archived يونيو 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine Federation of Jewish Communities
- ^ Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community Archived مايو 18, 2011 at the Wayback Machine Federation of Jewish Communities
- ^ 2all.co.il
- ^ Back to Birobidjan Archived أغسطس 13, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. By Rebecca Raskin. The Jerusalem Post
- ^ Breaking News - JTA, Jewish & Israel News Archived يونيو 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ FJC | The Guardian | Russia | Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage | 27-September-2017
- ^ Muchnik, Andrei (2017-11-10). "The Other Jewish Homeland at the End of the World". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ "ESTIMATION OF CLIMATIC RESOURCES FOR SUMMER SPORT RECREATION IN THE JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION OF RUSSIA". ResearchGate (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-02-04.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Birobidzan". United Nations. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Hcnadezhda.narod.ru
- ^ "Надежда" Биробиджан (in الروسية). rusbandy.ru. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11157/
- ^ "Города-побратимы, дружественные города". biradm.ru (in الروسية). Birobidzhan. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
المصادر
للاستزادة
- S. Almazov, 10 Years of Biro-Bidjan. New York: ICOR, 1938.
- Henry Frankel, The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan. New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946.
- Gessen, Masha (2016). Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region (Jewish Encounters Series). Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0805242461.
- Nora Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1. New York: New York University Press, 1988.
- James N. Rosenberg, How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies. Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925.
- Jeffrey Shandler, "Imagining Yiddishland: Language, Place and Memory," History and Memory, vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2003), pp. 123–149. In JSTOR
- Henry Felix Srebrnik, Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2010.
- Robert Weinberg, "Purge and Politics in the Periphery: Birobidzhan in 1937," Slavic Review, vol. 52, no. 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 13–27. In JSTOR
- Robert Weinberg, Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928-1996. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.
- Srebrnik, Henry Felix (2010). Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951. Boston: Academic Studies Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsj1m. ISBN 9781618116871. JSTOR j.ctt1zxsj1m.
وصلات خارجية
- Official website of Birobizhan (in روسية)
- Birobidzhan from 1929 to 1931, photo album (digitized page images)], at the US Library of Congress
- Atlas: Birobidzhan
- The Jewish story about Birobidzhan (Birobidjan) 1928-1970 (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971 a.o., with photos added)
- Song about Birobidzhan
- 'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland (National Public Radio on September 7, 2016)
- "Birobidzhan Jewish autonomous region" (RT, 2009)
- ‘We never know if we are really accepted, or if we are playing a role', Mati Shemoelof interview in April 2021 with the Israeli-Berliner writer who wrote anovel on Birobidzhan, Plus61J