المعرفة

أبلاست آمور

(تم التحويل من اوبلاست آمور)
"Priamurye" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة a broader historical region، انظر منشوريا الروسية (روسيا). For الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر آمور.
هذا المقال هو عن المنطقة المعاصرة. إذا كنت تريد المنطقة التاريخية، انظر أبلاست آمور (الإمبراطورية الروسية).

أبلاست آمور (روسية: Аму́рская о́бласть, النطق Amurskaya oblast; النطق الروسي: [ɐˈmurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]؛ إنگليزية: Amur Oblast) هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا. وهو جزء من منطقة الشرق الأقصى الاتحادية. عاصمتها الإدارية هي مدينة بلاگوڤيشينسك.

أبلاست آمور
أبلاست
Амурская область
علم أبلاست آمور
Flag
درع أبلاست آمور
Coat of arms
النشيد: لا يوجد[1]
Amur in Russia.svg
البلدروسيا
المنطقة الاتحاديةالشرق الأقصى[2]
المنطقة الاقتصاديةالشرق الأقصى[3]
تأسستOctober 20, 1932[4]
المركز الاداريبلاگوڤيشينسك[5]
الحكومة
 • الكيانLegislative Assembly[6]
 • الحاكم[6]ڤاسيلي أورلوڤ[7]
المساحة
[8]
 • Total363٬700 كم² (140٬400 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة14th
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[9]
 • Total830٬103
 • Estimate 
(2018)
798٬424 (−3٫8%)
 • الترتيب61st
 • الكثافة2٫3/km2 (5٫9/sq mi)
 • Urban
66٫8%
 • الريف
33٫2%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+9 ([10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-AMU
لوحات السيارات28
OKTMO ID10000000
اللغات الرسميةالروسية[11]
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://www.amurobl.ru/

تحدها جمهورية ياقوتيا من الشمال٬ وكراي خبروڤسك من الشرق٬ والأوبلاست اليهودي الذاتي في الجنوب الشرقي٬ وكراي زابايكالسكي في الغرب. لها حدود مشتركة من الجنوب مع مقاطعة هـِيْ‌لونگ‌جيانگ الصينية.

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الأسماء

كراي آمور (Аму́рский край) أو Priamurye (Приаму́рье) were unofficial names for the Russian territories by the Amur River used in the late Russian Empire that approximately correspond to modern Amur Oblast.


الجغرافيا

Amur Oblast is located in the southeast of Russia, between Stanovoy Range in the north and the Amur River in the south, and borders with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, هـِيْ‌لونگ‌جيانگ of China in the south, and with Zabaykalsky Krai in the west. The Stanovoy Range forms the dividing line between the Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast and spreads across the oblast's entire northern border. The Amur–Zeya and Zeya–Bureya Plains cover about 40% of the oblast's territory, but the rest is hilly. Several mountain ranges rise to the south of Stanovoy Range, including the Selemdzha Range parallel to it, as well as the Ezop, Yam-Alin and the Turan ranges stretching along the oblast's southeastern border with Khabarovsk Krai.[12]

Many rivers flow through the oblast, especially in the north, accounting for 75% of the hydropower resources in the Russian Far East. Most of the oblast is in the Amur's drainage basin, although the rivers in the northwest drain into the Lena and the rivers in the northeast drain into the Uda. The longest rivers include the Amur, Bureya, Gilyuy, Nyukzha, Olyokma, Selemdzha, and Zeya. The Zeya begins in the mountains in the northeast, and its middle reaches are dammed to create the huge Zeya Reservoir, which sprawls over 2,400 square kilometers (930 sq mi).

Climate is temperate continental, with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. Average January temperatures vary from −24 °C (−11 °F) in the south to −33 °C (−27 °F) in the north. Average July temperatures are +21 °C (70 °F) in the south and +18 °C (64 °F) in the north. Annual precipitation is about 850 millimeters (33 in).

Dwarf Siberian pine and alpine tundra grow at higher elevations and larch forests with small stands of flat-leaved birch and pine forests grow alongside the river plains. These larch and fir-spruce forests form the watershed of the Selemdzha River. The Bureya and Arkhara Rivers, southeast of the Selemdza, have the richest remaining forests in the oblast with Korean pine, Schisandra chinensis, Mongolian Oak, and other Manchurian flora. The Zeya–Bureya Plain, located between the Zeya, Amur, and Bureya Rivers, has the highest biodiversity in Amur Oblast. Much of this plain has been burned for agriculture, but large patches still remain. Japanese Daurian and Far Eastern western cranes nest here, as well as a host of other rare birds.

المصادر الطبيعية

Amur Oblast has considerable reserves of many types of mineral resources; proven reserves are estimated to be worth US$400 billion. Among the most important are gold (the largest reserves in Russia), silver, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, and tin. There are also an estimated 70 billion tons of Black coal and lignite reserves. Probable iron deposits are estimated to be 3.8 billion tons. The Garin deposit is fully explored and known to contain 389 million tons of iron ore. Estimated reserves of the deposit are 1,293 million tons. The deposit's ore contains a low concentration of detrimental impurities; the ore contains 69.9% iron. Amur Oblast is also a promising source of titanium, with the Bolshoy Seyim deposit being the most important.[13]

التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

حسب Bei Shi (Dynastic History of Northern Dynasties) and the Sui Shu (تأريخ أسرة سوي)، both Chinese records, this area belonged originally to the territory one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes (صينية: 钵室韋�). Their settlements were located on the north of the Yilehuli Mountains in the upper reaches of the Nen River, south of the Stanovoy Range, west of the Bureya and the Malyi Khingan ranges and reaching the Okhotsk Sea on the northeast. They brought tributary presents to the Tang court and disappeared at the dawn of the tenth century with the foundation of the Liao empire.

Later, in the 13th century, the middle-Amur and the Zeya River basin area became the homeland of the Daurs and (further south) the Duchers. The ancestors of the Daurs are thought to be closely related to the Khitans and the Mongols, while the Duchers may have been a branch of the Jurchen people, later known as the Manchus.

The area was conquered by the Manchus in 1639–1640, after defeating the Evenk Federation led by Bombogor. It was returned to the Qing dynasty in the Treaty of Nerchinsk مع قيصرية روسيا.

الإمبراطورية الروسية

The region was annexed by Russia in 1858 in the Treaty of Aigun between Russia and the Qing dynasty. Amur Oblast was established with its center in Blagoveshchensk.[14]

The region received its first influx of Russian settlers in the mid-seventeenth century. They were looking for a more temperate climate as an escape from the north. After the Opium War, when the Chinese Empire was exposed to the outside world, Russian explorers once again moved to the region (mostly Cossacks and peasant farmers). The last influx of people arrived upon the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

التاريخ الحديث

In April 1920, the Far Eastern Republic, with its capital in Chita, was formed from Amur, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Primorye regions as a democratic "buffer" state in order to avoid war with Japan. It existed until November 1922, when it joined the Russian SFSR.

In January 1926, the territory of Amur Oblast was split between the East Siberian Krai and the Far Eastern Krai. The East Siberian Oblast was divided into Irkutsk Oblast and Chita Oblast in 1937 and the part of Amur within it became part of Chita Oblast. The Far Eastern Krai was divided into Khabarovsk Krai and Primorye Krai in 1938. The territory of Amur Oblast that was in Far Eastern Krai was included in Khabarovsk Krai.

In 1948, Amur Oblast was finally separated from Khabarovsk Krai and Chita Oblast to become an independent region of the RSFSR. Rapid economic growth based on gold production began at that time, and living standards improved with the arrival of young specialists. As the Far Eastern District expanded, the demand for services such as electric power and housing also increased, which stimulated a new round of construction projects. New cities were built, along with the Zeya Hydroelectric Power Plant (Zeiskaya GES), which still supplies electricity to most of the Far Eastern District.[15] On 21 May 1998 Amur alongside Ivanovo, Kostroma, Voronezh Oblast, and the Mari El Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[16] This agreement would be abolished on 18 March 2002.[17]

التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Amur Oblast

The largest urban localities of the oblast are Blagoveshchensk, Belogorsk, Svobodny, Tynda, and Raychikhinsk.[9]

السياسة

حاكم أبلاست آمور منذ 2018 هو ڤاسيلي أورلوڤ.

On 19 September 2021, elections to the Legislative Assembly of Amur Oblast were held. One self-nominee and seven parties entered the regional parliament: United Russia - 18 seats; the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 3 seats; the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia – For Truth, the Party of Pensioners, New People, and Communists of Russia - one each place.[18]

The Chairman of the Legislative Assembly is Konstantin Dyakonov.[19]

مدن وقرى

تحوي المدن والقرى التالية: بيلگورسك، بلاگوڤيشينسك، رايتشيخينسك، شيمانوفسك، سكوفورودينو، سفوبودني، تيندا، زافيتينسك، زييا،

المحافظون

  • 1991 - Albert Krivchenko
  • 1993 - Alexander Surat
  • 1993 - Vladimir Polevanov
  • 1994 - Vladimir Diachenko
  • 1996 - Yuriy Lyashko
  • 1997 - Anatoly Belonogov
  • 2001 - Leonid Korotkov
  • 2007 - Nikolay Kolesov
  • 2008 - Oleg Kozhemyako
  • 2015 - Alexander Kozlov
  • 2018 - ڤاسيلي أورلوڤ


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السكان

التعداد: 766٬912 (تعداد 2021)؛[20] 830,103 (تعداد 2010);[9] 902,844 (تعداد 2002);[21] 1,057,781 (تعداد 1989).[22]

الجماعات العرقية

Ethnicities in Amur Oblast in 2021[23]
العرق التعداد النسبة
الروس 689,864 95.2%
أوكران 4,422 0.6%
أرمن 2,988 0.4%
أوزبك 2,328 0.3%
Azerbaijanis 1,709 0.2%
Tatars 1,546 0.2%
Other Ethnicities 21,986 3.0%
Ethnicity not stated 42,069 –

المستوطنات

 
أكبر المدن أو البلدات في أبلاست آمور
2021 Russian Census
الترتيب Administrative Division التعداد
 
Blagoveshchensk
 
Belogorsk 		1 Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensky District 241,437  
Svobodny
 
Tynda
2 Belogorsk Belogorsky District 61,440
3 Svobodny Svobodnensky District 48,517
4 Tynda Tyndinsky District 28,625
5 Zeya Zeysky District 19,414
6 Chigiri Blagoveshchensky District 18,538
7 Shimanovsk Shimanovsky District 16,488
8 Raychikhinsk Town of oblast significance of Raychikhinsk 15,797
9 Progress Town of oblast significance of Progress 9,918
10 Zavitinsk Zavitinsky District 9,615

Vital statistics for 2022:[24][25]

  • Births: 6,967 (9.0 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 11,346 (14.7 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):[26]
1.46 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):[27]
Total — 66.30 years (male — 61.75, female — 71.11)

الدين

الدين في أوبلاست آمور (2012)[28][29]

  الأرثوذكسية الروسية (25.1%)
  مسيحيون بلا طائفة (5%)
  أرثوذكس آخرون (1%)
  مسلمون (1%)
  روحانيون بلا دين (41%)
  ملحدون (24%)
  آخرون أو غير معلنون (2.9%)

According to a 2012 survey[30] 25.1% of the population of Amur Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% is an Orthodox believer without belonging to any church or adheres to other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, and 1% is an adherent of Islam. In addition, 41% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 24% is atheist, and 2.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[30]

الاقتصاد

 
Vostochny Cosmodrome in Amur Oblast

Gross regional product per capita in 2007 was 131,039.60 rubles, while the national average was 198,817 rubles.[31]

الصناعة

The industrial section contributes 18.3% to the total GRP.[13] The most important industrial sector in 2007 was manufacturing, constituting 25.7% of the industrial output. The sector is dominated by food products and beverages, which constitute 13% of industrial output. Machine building includes shipbuilding machinery, lifting and transport vehicles, mining equipment, agricultural machinery, metal assemblies and goods, electrical appliances and electrical machines and tools. The largest engineering companies in the oblast include OAO Svobodny Railroad Car Repair Plant, OAO Blagoveshchensk October Revolution Ship Building Plant and OAO Bureya-Kran.[13]


Mining and quarrying amounted to 19.9% of industrial output in 2007. Amur Oblast ranks sixth in Russia for gold mining, and has the largest gold reserves in the country. The largest gold mine in the region is Pioneer, part of Petropavlovsk PLC who also own the Albyn, Malomir and Pokrovskiy mines in the region. There is a large site of uranium mining and processing facilities in Oktyabrsky, near the Russia–China border.[32] There are plans to develop other mineral deposits as well, such as titanium, iron, copper, nickel, apatite, etc. Total coal production amounts to 3,398 tons. As of 2007, four coal deposits are being operated by the company OOO Amur Coal, and two more have been explored. In total, the oblast is estimated to have over 90 deposits of lignite and black coal, with overall reserves of 70 billion tons. In addition, fuel extraction amounted to 2.9% of industrial output.[13]


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الطاقة

Amur Oblast enjoys an energy surplus: its energy consumption in 2007 was 6.9 TWh, while production was 9.3 TWh. Electricity output in 2007 was 9.9 TWh. The most important electricity producer is the Zeyskaya Hydroelectric Power Station with an installed capacity of 1,330 MW and a yearly output of 4.91 TWh. The station is owned by RusHydro. The company also owns the 2,010 MW Bureyskaya Hydroelectric Power Station, opened in 2009. Its annual output is 7.1 TWh.[13]

The planned Erkovetskaya TPP project will be the largest thermal power plant in the world.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الزراعة

The Amur Region is the primary producer of soybean in Russia. By 1940, 65 thousand hectares of land in Amur had been cultivated with soybeans, and by 1972 soybean made up 592 thousand hectares of land in Amur, compared to 650 thousand hectares of soybean crops in the whole of the USSR. During the Soviet period, this made up a significant proportion of the economy of Far Eastern Russia.[33] By 2019, the Amur Region's share of Russian soybean production had declined to 28 percent due to increased cultivation of soybean in other regions, though it still remains Russia's largest soybean producer.[34] The region in 2019 produced approximately 1 million tonnes of soybean, many of which are exported to neighboring China. While in the past the harvested soybean was shipped west, in recent years due to increased Chinese demands multiple soybean oil plants have opened in the region.[35] In 2019, Chinese companies owned or leased some 100 thousand hectares out of the 1.3 million hectares of farmland.[36]

التجارة الخارجية

صادرات الأبلاست الرئيسية للخارج هي الأخشاب الخام (1,172,900 متر مكعب وتذهب إلى الصين وكوريا الشمالية واليابان وقزاقستان وأوكرانيا)، السلع المعدنية (68,300 طن إلى الصين وقزاقستان)، والماكينات والمعدات (12,300 طن إلى الصين واليابان وكوريا الجنوبية وقزاقستان وأوكرانيا.) الواردات الرئيسية من الخارج هي الأغذية والمشروبات من الصين وقزاقستان واللپين؛ الأنسجة والأحذية من الصين؛ الماكينات والمعدات من أوكرانيا واليابان.[13]

مركز ڤوستوتشني الفضائي

In July 2010, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that the area would be the site of a new مركز ڤوستوتشني الفضائي ("Eastern Spaceport"), to reduce Russian dependence on the مركز بايكونور الفضائي في قزخستان.[37] The first rocket launch from the site took place on 28 April 2016.[بحاجة لمصدر]

مقاطعة شقيقة

الهامش

  1. ^ Article 3 of the Charter of Amur Oblast does not specify any symbols of the oblast other than the flag and the coat of arms
  2. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District).
  3. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (گوستاندارت of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER).
  4. ^ USSR. Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Union Republics, p. 99
  5. ^ Charter of Amur Oblast, Article 118
  6. ^ أ ب Charter of Amur Oblast, Article 10
  7. ^ Official website of Amur Oblast. Alexander Alexandrovich Kozlov (بالروسية)
  8. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in الروسية). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  11. ^ الرسمية في جميع أرجاء روسيا الاتحادية حسب الفقرة 68.1 من دستور روسيا.
  12. ^ Google Earth
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Amur Region". Russia: All Regions Trade & Investment Guide (PDF). CTEC Publishing LLC. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2011.
  14. ^ Military Governors of the Amur Oblast. Part II
  15. ^ "Amur Region". Kommersant.com. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 13, 2012. Retrieved أغسطس 21, 2013.
  16. ^ "Newsline - May 22, 1998 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  17. ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  18. ^ "В Госдуму пройдут представители восьми партий" [Representatives of eight parties will pass to the State Duma]. Амурская правда. 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  19. ^ "Законодательное Собрание Амурской области" [Legislative Assembly of the Amur Oblast]. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
  20. ^ invalid reference parameter
  21. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  24. ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  25. ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  26. ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in الروسية). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  27. ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  28. ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  29. ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
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  31. ^ Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Archived فبراير 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine Федеральная служба государственной статистики
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المصادر

  • قالب:RussiaBasicLawRef/amu
  • Дударев, В. А.; Евсеева, Н. А. (1987). И. Каманина (ed.). СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Губернатор Амурской области. Постановление №607 от 25 октября 2005 г. «О совершенствовании системы информационного обеспечения органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления области». (Governor of Amur Oblast. Resolution #607 of October 25, 2005 On Improving the Information System Serving the Organs of the State Power and the Local-Self Government of the Oblast).
  • Information concerning the Shiwei tribes and their relationship with the Khitans
  • (بالروسية) History of Amur Oblast
الكلمات الدالة:
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