پويي
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پويي Puyi (و. 7 فبراير 1906 – ت. 17 اكتوبر 1967) هو آخر إمبراطور من المانچو يحكم الصين وكان الإمبراطور الأخير من سلالة تشينگ المنشورية من آل أيسين گورو. خلعته ثورة شين‌هاي وبقي لفترة وجيزة حاكماً صورياً إلى ان طردته القوات الثورية من المدينة المحرمة هو وبلاطه عام 1912. هرب للشمال وأسس دولة منشوريا (أعيد تسميتها لاحقاً إمبراطورية منشوريا) التي هيمن عليها اليابانيون، وكان الإمبراطور هناك خلال فترة الحرب الأهلية الصينية والحرب العالمية الثانية إلى أن ألقى القبض عليه الجيش الأحمر وسلمه للصينيين. خضع لمحاكمة بتهمة العمالة لليابانيين والتعاون معهم وتأسيس دولة تابعة. سُجن عدة سنوات ثم أطلق سراحه وعاش مواطناً عادياً في الصين وعمل بستانياً حتى وفاته.
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أسماء وألقاب
النسب
من ناحية الأب
من ناحية الأم
أسلاف پويي
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السيرة
إمبراطور الصين (1908–1912)
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Puyi had a standard Confucian education, being taught the various Confucian classics and nothing else.[1] Puyi later wrote: "I learnt nothing of mathematics, let alone science, and for a long time I had no idea where Beijing was situated".[1] When Puyi was 13, he met his parents and siblings, all of whom had to kowtow before him as he sat upon the Dragon Throne.[2] By this time, Puyi had forgotten what his mother looked like.[2] Such was the awe that the Emperor was held that his younger brother Pujie never heard his parents refer to Puyi as "your elder brother", rather he was always just the Emperor.[2] Pujie told Behr his image of Puyi prior to meeting him was that of "...a venerable old man with a beard. I couldn't believe it when I saw this boy in yellow robes sitting solemnly on the throne".[2] It was decided that Pujie would join Puyi in the Forbidden City to provide him with a playmate, though Puyi was notably angry when he discovered his brother was wearing yellow – the color of the Qing – as he believed that only Emperors had the right to wear yellow, and it had to be explained to him that all members of the Qing family could wear yellow.[2]
الخصيان ووزارة شئون القصر
التنازل
On 10 October 1911, the army garrison in Wuhan mutinied, sparking a widespread revolt in the Yangtze river valley and beyond, demanding the overthrow of the Qing dynasty which ruled China since 1644.[3] The strongman of late imperial China, General Yuan Shikai, was dispatched by the court to crush the revolution, which he was unable to do, as by 1911 public opinion had turned decisively against the Qing, and many Chinese had no wish to fight for a dynasty which was seen as having lost the Mandate of Heaven.[3] Puyi's father, Prince Chun, served as a regent until 6 December 1911 when Empress Dowager Longyu took over following the Xinhai Revolution.[4]
Empress Dowager Longyu endorsed the "Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor" (清帝退位詔書) on 12 February 1912 under a deal brokered by Prime Minister Yuan Shikai (a general of the Beiyang Army) with the imperial court in Beijing and the Republicans in southern China.[5] At the crucial meeting in the Forbidden City, Puyi watched the meeting between Longyu and Yuan, which he remembered as:
"The Dowager Empress was sitting on a kang [platform bed] in a side room of the Mind Nature Palace, wiping her eyes with a handkerchief while a fat old man [Yuan] knelt on a red cushion before her, tears rolling down his face. I was sitting to the right of the Dowager and wondering why the two adults were crying. There was nobody in the room besides us three and it was very quiet; the fat man was sniffing while he talked and I could not understand what he was saying ... This was the occasion Yuan directly brought up the question of abdication".[6]
Under the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication" (清帝退位 優待條件), signed with the new Republic of China, Puyi was to retain his imperial title and be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. This was similar to Italy's Law of Guarantees (1870) which accorded the Pope certain honors and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the King of Italy.[7] Puyi and the imperial court were allowed to remain in the northern half of the Forbidden City (the Private Apartments) as well as in the Summer Palace. A hefty annual subsidy of four million silver taels was granted by the Republic to the imperial household, although it was never fully paid and was abolished after just a few years. Puyi himself was not informed in February 1912 that his reign had ended and China was now a republic and continued to believe that he was the still the Emperor for sometime afterwards.[8] In 1913, when the Empress Dowager Longyu died, President Yuan Shikai arrived at the Forbidden City to pay his respects, which Puyi's tutors told him meant that major changes were afloat.[9]
بنود معاملة امبراطور التشينگ بعد تنازله
استعادة وجيزة (1917)
In 1917 the warlord Zhang Xun restored Puyi to the throne from July 1 to July 12.[10] Zhang Xun ordered his army to keep their queues to display loyalty to the emperor. During that period of time, a small bomb was dropped over the Forbidden City by a Republican plane, causing minor damage.[11] This is considered the first aerial bombardment ever in East Asia. The restoration failed due to extensive opposition across China, and the decisive intervention of another warlord, Duan Qirui.[12]
الطرد من المدينة المحرمة (1924)
الإقامة في تيان‌جين (1925-1931)
محتجز في منشوريا 1931-1932
حاكم مانشوكو (1932-1945)
| Styles of Kangde Emperor | |
|---|---|
 | |
| أسلوب الإشارة | His Imperial Majesty |
| أسلوب المخاطبة | Your Imperial Majesty |
| أسلوب بديل | Sir |
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السنوات الأخيرة (1945–1967)
الموت والدفن
العائلة
الأشقاء
الزوجات
وان‌رونگ
ون‌شيو
تان يولينگ
لي يوچين
لي شوشيان
قائمة المراجع
بقلم پويي
- The autobiography of Puyi – ghost-written by Li Wenda. The title of the Chinese book is usually rendered in English as From Emperor to Citizen. The book was re-released in China in 2007 in a new corrected and revised version. Many sentences which had been deleted from the 1964 version prior to its publication were now included.
- Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964, 1987, 2002). 我的前半生. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) (صينية) – original - Pu Yi, Henry (1967, 2010). The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-732-3.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help) (إنگليزية) – translation
- Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964, 1987, 2002). 我的前半生. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4.
بقلم أخرين
- Headland, Isaac Taylor (1909). Court life in China. F.H. Revell. ISBN 0-585-15029-X.
- Johnston, Reginald Fleming (1934, 2008). Twilight in the Forbidden City. Soul Care Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9680459-5-4
- Li Shuxian (1984, 1990, 2006). My Husband Puyi: Puyi yu wo / [Li Shuxian kou shu ; Wang Qingxiang zheng li ; Changchun shi zheng xie wen shi zi liao yan jiu wei yuan hui bian]. Chuan guo xin hua shu dian jing xiao. ISBN 978-7-208-00167-1.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)
- Puyi's fifth wife Li Shuxian. Memories of their life together were ghost written by Wang Qingxian. An English version translated by Ni Na was published by China Travel and Tourism Press.
- Behr, Edward (1998). The Last Emperor. Futura. ISBN 978-0-7088-3439-8.
- Companion to Bernardo Bertolucci's film of the same name.
التصوير في الإعلام
السينما
- The Last Emperor (Chinese title 火龍, literally means Fire Dragon), a 1986 Hong Kong film directed by Li Han-hsiang. Tony Leung Ka-fai played Puyi.
- The Last Emperor, a 1987 film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. John Lone played the adult Puyi.
- Aisin-Gioro Puyi (愛新覺羅·溥儀), a 2005 Chinese documentary film on the life of Puyi. Produced by CCTV, it was part of a series of ten documentary films about ten historical persons.
- The Founding of a Party, a 2011 Chinese film directed by Huang Jianxin and Han Sanping. Child actor Yan Ruihan played Puyi.
- 1911, a 2011 historical film directed by Jackie Chan and Zhang Li. The film tells of the founding of the Republic of China when Sun Yat-sen led the Xinhai Revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. The five year old Puyi is played by child actor Su Hanye. Although Puyi's time on screen is short, there are significant scenes showing how the emperor was treated at court before his abdication at the age of six.[13]
التلفزيون
- The Misadventure of Zoo, a 1981 Hong Kong television series produced by TVB. Adam Cheng played an adult Puyi.
- Modai Huangdi (末代皇帝; literally means The Last Emperor), a 1988 Chinese television series based on Puyi's autobiography From Emperor to Citizen, with Puyi's brother Pujie as a consultant for the series. Chen Daoming starred as Puyi.
- Feichang Gongmin (非常公民; literally means Extraordinary Citizen), a 2002 Chinese television series directed by Cheng Hao. Dayo Wong starred as Puyi.
- Ruten no Ōhi — Saigo no Kōtei (流転の王妃·最後の皇弟; Chinese title 流轉的王妃), a 2003 Japanese television series about Pujie and Hiro Saga. Wang Bozhao played Puyi.
- Modai Huangfei (末代皇妃; literally means The Last Imperial Consort), a 2003 Chinese television series. Li Yapeng played Puyi.
انظر أيضاً
- Dynasties in Chinese history
- List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries
- List of heads of regimes who were later imprisoned
الهوامش
¹ Aisin-Gioro is the clan's name in Manchu, pronounced Àixīn Juéluó in Mandarin; Pǔyí is the Chinese given name as pronounced in Mandarin.
المصادر
- ^ أ ب Behr (1987), p. 78
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Behr (1987), p. 79
- ^ أ ب Behr 1987 p.68
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةhe Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions - ^ Rhoads, Edward J M (2001). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. University of Washington Press. pp. 226, 227. ISBN 978-0-295-98040-9.
- ^ Behr 1987 p.69
- ^ Luzzatti, Luigi; Arbib-Costa, Alfonso (2010). God in Freedom: Studies in the Relations Between Church and State. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. pp. 423, 424. ISBN 978-1-161-41509-4.
- ^ Behr, 1987 p.81-82
- ^ Behr p. 84
- ^ Hutchings, Graham (2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-674-01240-0.
- ^ Stone of Heaven, Levy, Scott-Clark p 184
- ^ Bangsbo, Jens; Reilly, Thomas; Williams, A. Mark (1996). Science and Football III. Taylor & Francis. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9.
- ^ "1911 Movie at IMDB".
وصلات خارجية
- "Five Wives of The Last Emperor Puyi". Cultural China. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- Royalty.nu: Extended Bio
- TIME: Last Emperor's Humble Occupation
- Li Xin, Pu Yi's Widow Reveals Last Emperor's Soft Side
- Pu Ru (溥儒), Pu Yi's cousin, accomplished Chinese brush painter and calligrapher
پويي وُلِد: 7 فبراير 1906 توفي: 17 أكتوبر 1967
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| ألقاب ملكية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه الامبراطور گوانگ‌شو |
إمبراطور الصين 2 ديسمبر 1908 – 12 فبراير 1912 |
تبعه الامبراطور هونگ‌شيان |
| شاغر | إمبراطور الصين 1 يوليو 1917 – 12 يوليو 1917 |
المنصب ألغي جمهورية الصين أُعلِنت
|
| لقب حديث دولة مستحدثة
|
كبير تنفيذيي مانچوكوو 9 مارس 1932 – 28 فبراير 1934 |
اندمجت في الامبراطورية |
| لقب حديث الامبراطورية خـُلِقت
|
إمبراطور مانچوكو 1 مارس 1934 – 15 أغسطس 1945 |
المنصب ألغي الامبراطورية انحلت |
| مناصب سياسية | ||
| سبقه الامبراطور گوانگ‌شو بصفته إمبراطور الصين |
رأس دولة الصين كـإمبراطور الصين 2 ديسمبر 1908 – 12 فبراير 1912 |
تبعه صن يات-سن بصفته رئيس جمهورية الصين |
| لقب حديث دولة مستحدثة
|
رأس دولة مانچوكوو 9 مارس 1932 – 15 أغسطس 1945 |
تبعه تشيانگ كاي-شك كـرئيس جمهورية الصين مانچوكوو أعيدت إلى جمهورية الصين بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية |