برست، فرنسا

For other uses, see برست (توضيح).

برست ( Brest ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [bʁɛst]  ( استمع)؛ نطق البريتونية: [bʀest]) هي مدينة وميناء بحري فرنسي. يبلغ عدد سكانها 156,217 نسمة، وعدد سكان المنطقة الحضرية 210,055 نسمة. ويُطِل الميناء على الساحل الشمالي الغربي لفرنسا. وتعتبر مدينة برست إحدى القواعد البحرية الرئيسية في فرنسا وتستخدم قاعدة للغواصات النووية الفرنسية. ويعتمد اقتصاد المدينة أساسًا على الشحن بالسفن وأنشطة اقتصادية مستمدة من القاعدة البحرية. وتشمل منتجات برست الكيميائيات، والملابس، والمعدات الإلكترونية، والآلات والنسيج.

Brest
Subprefecture and commune
De haut en bas, de gauche à droite : la tour Tanguy lors des fêtes maritimes, le château de Brest face à la rade. le pont de Recouvrance ; le téléphérique de Brest ; les tours du portail ; le Götheborg III dans le port de Brest.
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Brest
Brest Brest
الإحداثيات: 48°23′N 4°29′W
البلد	فرنسا
المنطقة	بريتاني
الإقليم	Finistère
الدائرة	Brest
الكانتون	Brest-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
بين‌التجمعات	Brest Métropole
الحكومة
• العمدة (2020–2026)	François Cuillandre (PS)
المساحة 1	49٫51 كم² (19٫12 ميل²)
التعداد  (يناير 2019)	139٬926
• الكثافة	2٬800/km2 (7٬300/sq mi)
صفة المواطن	Brestois (masculine) Brestoise (feminine)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/الرمز البريدي	29019 /29200
المنسوب	0–103 m (0–338 ft) (avg. 34 m or 112 ft)
الموقع الإلكتروني	brest.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

منظر برست من القلعة

وفي الخمسينيات من القرن الأول الميلادي أسس الجنود الرومان مستعمرة فوق الموقع الذي يعرف الآن بمدينة برست. وقد أصبحت برست مركزًا لصناعة الشحن بالسفن، عقب إنشاء مينائها، في القرن السابع عشر الميلادي. وقد احتلت القوات الألمانية المدينة في عام 1940 أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. وتمت حماية ميناء برست من خلال الحصون التي استخدمها الألمان قاعدة غواصات. وقد دمرت غارات الحلفاء معظم أنحاء المدينة التي تشمل قطاعها القديم الرئيسي وذلك خلال الحرب. وأعيد بناء المناطق التي قذفتها القنابل سريعًا.

Brest's history has since the 17th century been linked to the sea: the Académie de Marine (Naval Academy) was founded in 1752 in this city. The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was built there. Every four years, Brest hosts the international festival of the sea, boats and sailors: it is a meeting of old riggings from around the world (Les Tonnerres de Brest).

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 التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: خط زمني لبرست، فرنسا

Brest in c. 1700

The Maison de la Fontaine in Recouvrance, one of the oldest houses of Brest (end of the 17th century, beginning of the 18th century).

The name of the town is first recorded as Bresta; it may derive from *brigs, a Celtic word for "hill."

 الدرع

The meaning of the coat of arms of Brest is half France (the three fleurs-de-lis of the former kingdom of France), half Brittany (semé d'hermine of Brittany). These arms were used for the first time in a register of deliberations of the city council dated the 15 July 1683.

 المعالم

Rue de Siam (Siam Street) in 2006

Pont de Recouvrance (Recouvrance Bridge, is a massive drawbridge 64 m/210 ft high), the military arsenal and the rue de Siam (Siam Street) are other sights. The castle and the Tanguy tower are the oldest monuments of Brest.

The Musée de la Tour Tanguy, in the Tanguy tower, houses a collection of dioramas that depict the city of Brest on the eve of World War II. The Musée national de la Marine de Brest, housed in the ancient castle, contains exhibits which outline Brest's maritime tradition, as well as an aquarium, the Océanopolis marine centre. The city also has a notable botanical garden specializing in endangered species, the Conservatoire botanique national de Brest, as well as the Jardin botanique de l'Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont-Tonnerre.

The city of Brest does not have much remaining historical architecture, apart from a few select monuments such as the castle and the Tanguy tower. This is due to heavy bombing by the Allies during World War II, in an attempt to destroy the submarine base the Germans had built in the harbour. In the 1950s, the town was hastily rebuilt using a large amount of concrete. In Recouvrance, the west bank of the town, there remains an authentic street of the 17th century, Saint-Malo Street.

A few kilometres out of town, there are landscapes, from sandy beaches to grottos to tall granite cliffs. Sunbathing, windsurfing, yachting and fishing are enjoyed in the area. Brest was an important warship-producing port during the Napoleonic wars. The naval port, which is in great part excavated in the rock, extends along both banks of the Penfeld river.

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  The Tanguy tower hosts a museum of the history of Brest; in the background, the Pont de Recouvrance (Recouvrance Bridge).

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  The castle hosts the Musée national de la Marine (National Navy Museum).

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  the conservatoire botanique national in autumn

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  Saint-Sauveur church in Recouvrance, designed by Amédée-François Frézier, the oldest church of Brest, built in 1750

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  Monumental perspective from the Place de la Liberté opening to the rue de Siam (Siam Street), with the rade de Brest (Brest roadstead) in the background, and on the right, the steeple of Saint-Louis church dominating the rebuilt centre of Brest

 الجغرافيا

طبوغرافيا برست

برست والمناطق المجاورة

Brest is located amidst a dramatic landscape near the entrance of the natural rade de Brest (Brest roadstead), at the west end of Brittany.

It is situated to the north of a magnificent landlocked bay, and occupies the slopes of two hills divided by the river Penfeld. The part of the town on the left bank is regarded as Brest proper, while the part on the right is known as Recouvrance. There are also extensive suburbs to the east of the town. The hillsides are in some places so steep that the ascent from the lower to the upper town has to be effected by flights of steps and the second or third storey of one house is often on a level with the ground storey of the next.

 المناخ

Brest experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) in its classic version (due to its location in the Atlantic Ocean and the sea intrusion) where it shares a considerable moderation shared with other places of the Finistère and islands of Great Britain. As a result of the maritime moderation, Brest has very chilly summers by French standards and in spite of the low latitude, July afternoons are cooler than the norm in far northern Europe. Rainfall is common year-round, but snowfall is a rarer occurrence since temperatures usually remain several degrees above freezing during winter nights.

An extreme temperature of 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) was recorded on 18 July 2022.

برست، فرنسا
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     143   10 5     119   10 4     82   12 5     92   14 6     75   17 9     65   19 11     71   21 13     75   21 13     79   19 12     129   16 10     147   13 7     155   10 5 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     5.6   49 40     4.7   50 40     3.2   53 42     3.6   57 43     2.9   62 48     2.5   66 53     2.8   69 56     3   70 56     3.1   67 53     5.1   61 49     5.8   55 45     6.1   51 41 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

بيانات مناخ Brest (Bretagne Airport, altitude 94m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1855–present)
الشهر	يناير	فبراير	مارس	أبريل	مايو	يونيو	يوليو	أغسطس	سبتمبر	اكتوبر	نوفمبر	ديسمبر	العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف)	16.8 (62.2)	20.7 (69.3)	25.0 (77)	28.2 (82.8)	30.6 (87.1)	34.3 (93.7)	39.3 (102.7)	35.1 (95.2)	35.0 (95)	28.2 (82.8)	22.4 (72.3)	19.0 (66.2)	39٫3 (102٫7)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف)	9.7 (49.5)	10.0 (50)	11.9 (53.4)	13.9 (57)	16.8 (62.2)	19.1 (66.4)	20.8 (69.4)	20.9 (69.6)	19.3 (66.7)	16.0 (60.8)	12.5 (54.5)	10.3 (50.5)	15٫1 (59٫2)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف)	7.1 (44.8)	7.1 (44.8)	8.6 (47.5)	10.1 (50.2)	12.8 (55)	15.3 (59.5)	17.0 (62.6)	17.1 (62.8)	15.4 (59.7)	12.8 (55)	9.8 (49.6)	7.7 (45.9)	11٫7 (53٫1)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف)	4.6 (40.3)	4.3 (39.7)	5.4 (41.7)	6.3 (43.3)	8.9 (48)	11.4 (52.5)	13.1 (55.6)	13.2 (55.8)	11.5 (52.7)	9.6 (49.3)	7.0 (44.6)	5.0 (41)	8٫4 (47٫1)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف)	-14.0 (6.8)	-13.4 (7.9)	-4.9 (23.2)	-3.0 (26.6)	-0.8 (30.6)	3.7 (38.7)	6.0 (42.8)	5.8 (42.4)	3.3 (37.9)	-1.5 (29.3)	-6.6 (20.1)	-10.1 (13.8)	−14٫0 (6٫8)
هطول mm (inches)	142.6 (5.614)	118.7 (4.673)	82.2 (3.236)	91.8 (3.614)	74.6 (2.937)	64.6 (2.543)	70.7 (2.783)	75.3 (2.965)	78.6 (3.094)	129.4 (5.094)	146.7 (5.776)	154.6 (6.087)	1٬229٫8 (48٫417)
% Humidity	86	84	82	81	81	83	83	83	85	86	85	86	83٫8
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	18.0	14.9	13.2	12.5	10.3	9.1	10.6	9.8	10.1	15.4	17.9	17.8	159٫5
Avg. snowy days	1.7	2.8	0.7	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.3	7٫3
Sunshine hours	61.2	81.7	122.2	165.4	187.5	183.9	180.1	171.8	158.4	109.0	72.3	61.2	1٬554٫6
Source #1: Meteo France
Source #2: NOAA (percent sun 1961-1990), Infoclimat.fr (humidity 1961-1990)

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 التعداد

In 1945 Brest absorbed three neighbouring communes. The population data for 1936 and earlier in the table and graph below refer to the pre-1945 borders.

التعداد التاريخي
السنة تعداد ±% سنوياً 1793 24٬180 —     1800 25٬865 +0.97% 1806 22٬130 −2.57% 1821 26٬361 +1.17% 1831 29٬860 +1.25% 1836 29٬773 −0.06% 1841 48٬225 +10.13% 1846 55٬820 +2.97% 1851 61٬160 +1.84% 1856 54٬665 −2.22% 1861 67٬833 +4.41% 1866 79٬847 +3.32% 1872 66٬270 −3.06% 1876 66٬828 +0.21% 1881 69٬110 +0.67% 1886 70٬778 +0.48% 1891 75٬854 +1.39% 1896 74٬538 −0.35% 1901 84٬284 +2.49%	السنة تعداد ±% سنوياً 1906 85٬294 +0.24% 1911 90٬540 +1.20% 1921 73٬960 −2.00% 1926 67٬861 −1.71% 1931 69٬841 +0.58% 1936 79٬342 +2.58% 1946 74٬991 −0.56% 1954 110٬713 +4.99% 1962 136٬104 +2.61% 1968 154٬023 +2.08% 1975 166٬826 +1.15% 1982 156٬060 −0.95% 1990 147٬956 −0.66% 1999 149٬634 +0.13% 2007 142٬722 −0.59% 2012 139٬676 −0.43% 2017 140٬064 +0.06% 2018 139٬602 −0.33%
المصدر: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)

 الاقتصاد

نهر Penfeld، المركز التاريخي لترسانة برست

Due to its location, Brest is regarded as the first French port that can be accessed from the Americas. Shipping is big business, although Nantes and Saint-Nazaire offer much larger docks and attract more of the larger vessels. Brest has the ninth French commercial harbour including ship repairs and maintenance. The protected location of Brest means that its harbour is ideal to receive any type of ship, from the smallest dinghy to the biggest aircraft carrier (يوإس‌إس Nimitz has visited a few times). Naval construction is also an important activity: for example, the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was built by Direction des Constructions Navales (DCN) in Brest.

Despite its image of an industrialised city whose activity depends mainly on military order, the service sector represents 75% of the economic activity. The importance of the service sector is still increasing while industrialised activity is decaying, explaining the unchanged rate of working-class in Brest. Brest also hosts headquarters for many subsidiaries like the banking group Arkéa. Research and conception is taking an increasing importance. Brest claims to be the largest European centre for sciences and techniques linked to the sea: 60% of the French research in the maritime field is based in Brest.

 لغة البريتون

Breton is not commonly spoken in the city of Brest, which was the only French-speaking city in western Brittany before the 1789 French Revolution, despite the surrounding countryside being fully Breton-speaking at that time. Like other French minority languages, Breton does not have any official language status in France.

The municipality launched a linguistic plan to revive Breton as a language through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 16 June 2006. In 2008, 1.94% of primary-school children attended French-Breton bilingual Diwan schools. Besides bilingual schools, the Breton language is also taught in some schools and universities.

The association Sked federates all Breton cultural activities.

 الثقافة

المراكب الشراعية أثناء "برست 2004"

The city is host to several events to celebrate its long maritime history. The largest of these is held every four years, when the town organises a tall ship meeting. The last such tall ship event was "Les Tonnerres de Brest 2016". Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the next event is planned for 2022.

Brest also hosts an annual short film festival called "Brest European Short Film Festival". The city was the setting for the 1982 art film Querelle, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, itself based on the 1947 novel Querelle de Brest by Jean Genet.

 الأبحاث والتعليم

Université de Bretagne Occidentale (جامعة غرب بريتاني)

Primarily the research centre of western Brittany, Brest and its surrounding area is the home of several research and elite educational establishments:

• a multidisciplinary university, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO) [1]
• Brest has also several grandes écoles and other undergraduate or graduate schools:
  • École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB) (in Plouzané next to Brest) [2]
  • Télécom Bretagne (ENST Bretagne) (in Plouzané next to Brest) [3]
  • École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées de Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne, formerly ENSIETA) [4]
  • Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique de Brest (ISEN Brest) [5]
  • Brest Business School (ESC Bretagne Brest) [6]
  • École Navale (French Naval Academy) (in Lanvéoc next to Brest) [7]
  • To be noted that Brest is one of the hosts for the Indiana University Honors Foreign Language Program
• Brest has several research organisations:
  • the largest Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) centre (in Plouzané next to Brest); about 1000 people work there.
  • Le Cedre (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution)
  • the French Polar Institute (in Plouzané next to Brest)
  • The Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM)

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 المدن الشقيقة

برست على علاقة شقاقة مع المدن التالي:

• Denver, Colorado, United States (1948)
• Plymouth, Devon, England (1963)
• Kiel, Germany (1964)
• Taranto, Italy (1964)
• Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Kantō, Japan (1970)
• Dún Laoghaire, Republic of Ireland (1984)
• Cádiz, Spain (1986)
• Saponé, Burkina Faso (1989)
• Constanța, Romania (1993)
• Qingdao, China (2006)
• Brest, Belarus (2012)

 علاقات الصداقة

Brest has an official friendly relationship (protocole d'amitié) with:

• بجاية، الجزائر (1995)

Panorama from the Recouvrance bridge of the castle and the Tanguy tower

 انظر أيضاً

• معركة برست
• Communes of the Finistère department

 المصادر

• INSEE commune file

 وصلات خارجية

• Aerial photos of the whole city and urban community
• Brest Airport Travel Guide
• Interactive City Map of Brest
• Official web site of Brest town hall (with webcam)
• Satellite picture by Google Maps
• (بالفرنسية) Cultural Heritage
• Brest improvisation theatre
• Brest Weather Forecast
• "Brest, ma ville, mon âme" Photo gallery : a discovery of the city by Erwan Corre
• Wiki-Brest, a community wiki containing articles about the city (in French).