Robert Weinberg (biologist)

Robert A. Weinberg
وُلِدَ
Robert Allan Weinberg

11 نوفمبر 1942 (العمر 83 سنة)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
التعليمMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
عـُرِف بـ
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتMolecular biology
Oncology
الهيئات
طلاب الدكتوراه
الموقع الإلكترونيweinberglab.wi.mit.edu

Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is an American biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.[2][3][4]

Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.[5] Weinberg and Eric Lander, a colleague at M.I.T., are co-founders of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.[6]

Career

Weinberg earned a B.S. in biology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and PhD in biology from the same institute in 1969. He was an instructor in biology at Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (1965–1966), and a postdoc in Ernest Winocour's lab at the Weizmann Institute of Science (1969–1970) and in Renato Dulbecco's lab at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1970–1972). He joined MIT in 1972.[7]

Research

He is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor suppressor gene Rb[8]p. 371-381, which is partially documented in Natalie Angier′s book, Natural Obsessions, about her year spent in Weinberg's lab.

In the late 20th century, advances in genetics led to the discovery of over one hundred cancer cell types. Cancer cells were noted for their bewildering diversity. It was hard to identify the principles that cancers had in common.

He and Douglas Hanahan wrote the seminal paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer", published in January 2000,[9] that gave the six requirements for one renegade cell to cause a deadly cancer:[8] In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation".[10]

Summary
Capability Simple analogy
Self-sufficiency in growth signals "accelerator pedal stuck on"
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals "brakes don't work"
Evading apoptosis won't die when the body normally would kill the defective cell
Limitless replicative potential infinite generations of descendants
Sustained angiogenesis asking the body to give it a blood supply
Tissue invasion and metastasis migrating and spreading to other organs and tissues

Weinberg is well known for both his cancer research[11] and for his mentorship of many eminent scientists, including Tyler Jacks, William C. Hahn, Clifford Tabin, Sendurai Mani and Cornelia Bargmann. He is currently studying cancer cell metastasis.[12]

He is also the author of the textbook The Biology of Cancer[1] published by Garland Science, as well as two important accounts intended for a wider audience: One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins (1999) (Science Masters Series); and Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer (1996).

اعتبارا من 2021, Weinberg has an h-index of 209 according to Google Scholar.[13]

Awards and honors

In 1985, Weinberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[14] Weinberg won the National Medal of Science and the Keio Medical Science Prize in 1997. In 1999, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition of his valuable and pioneering contributions in the field of Biomedical Sciences and for his productive trajectory related to the genetic and molecular basis of neoplastic disease.[15] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000.[16] He obtained the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2004 (shared with Roger Y. Tsien), and he is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 2007 he received an honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Linnaeus from Uppsala University. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1992.[17] In 2009 he was presented the Hope Funds Award in Basic Research.[18] In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work [19] and in 2021 he received the Japan Prize.[20]

Retractions

To this day Weinberg has had five research papers retracted where he is listed as a co-author. The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.[21][22][23][24] This is out of over 450 publications since 1963.

The reasons given for the retraction of one paper (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) include: "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" and "Manipulation of Results".

See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب Weinberg, Robert (2007). The Biology of Cancer. Garland Science (published 2006). ISBN 978-0-8153-4076-8. OCLC 63114199.
  2. ^ Shih, C.; Weinberg, R. A. (1982). "Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line". Cell. 29 (1): 161–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3. PMID 6286138. S2CID 12046552.
  3. ^ Weinberg, R. A.; Hahn, W. C.; Counter, C. M.; Lundberg, A. S.; Beijersbergen, R. L.; Brooks, M. W. (1999). "Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements". Nature. 400 (6743): 464–8. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..464H. doi:10.1038/22780. PMID 10440377. S2CID 2377425.
  4. ^ Mani, S. A.; Guo, W.; Liao, M. J.; Eaton, E. N.; Ayyanan, A.; Zhou, A. Y.; Brooks, M.; Reinhard, F.; Zhang, C. C.; Shipitsin, M.; Campbell, L. L.; Polyak, K.; Brisken, C.; Yang, J.; Weinberg, R. A. (2008). "The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells with Properties of Stem Cells". Cell. 133 (4): 704–15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027. PMC 2728032. PMID 18485877.
  5. ^ "The Deadly Side of Cancer: How Cancer Spreads with Robert Weinberg – DF/HCC". www.dfhcc.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 15, 2021. Retrieved يناير 24, 2020.
  6. ^ "News Release - Novel Drugs Targeting Cancer Stem Cells". phx.corporate-ir.net. Archived from the original on يناير 7, 2016. Retrieved يونيو 6, 2022.
  7. ^ "CV (Robert A. Weinberg)" (PDF). Paris Sciences et Lettres University. Retrieved سبتمبر 15, 2020.
  8. ^ أ ب Siddhartha Mukherjee (2010). The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-0795-9. OCLC 464593321.
  9. ^ Hanahan, Douglas; Weinberg, RA (يناير 7, 2000). "The Hallmarks of Cancer". Cell. 100 (1): 57–70. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 10647931. S2CID 1478778.
  10. ^ Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R. A. (2011). "Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation". Cell. 144 (5): 646–674. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013. PMID 21376230.
  11. ^ Tabin, C. J.; Bradley, S. M.; Bargmann, C. I.; Weinberg, R. A.; Papageorge, A. G.; Scolnick, E. M.; Dhar, R.; Lowy, D. R.; Chang, E. H. (1982). "Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene". Nature. 300 (5888): 143–9. Bibcode:1982Natur.300..143T. doi:10.1038/300143a0. PMID 6290897. S2CID 4253259.
  12. ^ Christine L. Chaffer; Robert A. Weinberg (مارس 25, 2011). "A perspective on Cancer Cell Metastasis". Science. 331 (6024): 1559–1564. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1559C. doi:10.1126/science.1203543. PMID 21436443. S2CID 10550070.
  13. ^ {{Google Scholar ID}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
  14. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  15. ^ "Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1999". Archived from the original on مارس 4, 2014. Retrieved أغسطس 13, 2013.
  16. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved يوليو 15, 2021.
  17. ^ "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Robert Weinberg". Archived from the original on أبريل 3, 2019. Retrieved سبتمبر 27, 2009.
  18. ^ "2009 Honorees". hope-funds.org. يناير 2, 2009. Retrieved سبتمبر 15, 2020.
  19. ^ "LAUREATES 2013". Breakthrough Prize in Lifesciences. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 19, 2013. Retrieved ديسمبر 19, 2013.
  20. ^ "The Japan Prize Foundation". The Japan Prize Foundation.
  21. ^ "Papers from MIT Cancer Biologist's Laboratory Retracted". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on يوليو 29, 2015.
  22. ^ "Three Retractions for Highly Cited Author". Archived from the original on مايو 23, 2015.
  23. ^ "Cancer Research retraction is fifth for Robert Weinberg, fourth for his former student". يوليو 6, 2015. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 10, 2015.
  24. ^ Weinberg, Robert A.; Richardson, Andrea L.; Brock, Jane E.; Wang, Zhigang C.; Szász, Attila M.; Calogrias, Diana; Benaich, Nathan; Reinhardt, Ferenc; Valastyan, Scott (يونيو 12, 2009). "Retraction of Cell paper by Robert Weinberg". Cell. 137 (6): 1032–1046. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.047. PMC 2766609. PMID 19524507. (Retracted, see DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.047, PubMed,  Retraction Watch)

External links

قالب:Japan Prize

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