بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Republic of China Navy, the naval forces of the Republic of China.

"Chinese Navy" redirects here. For historical Chinese naval forces, see Naval history of China.

بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي< 中国人民解放军海军 شعار بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي تأسست سبتمبر 1950 (1950-09) البلد الصين الولاء Communist Party of China الفرع جيش التحرير الشعبي النوع بحرية الدور قتال بحري الحجم 384,000 فرد تحت السلاح (2025) 787 ships (2025) 600 aircraft (2025) جزء من People's Liberation Army (PLA Navy Headquarters directly under the Central Military Commission) المشية "The People's Navy Marches Forward" (de facto) الأسطول 3 aircraft carriers 4 landing helicopter docks 12 amphibious transport docks 32 landing ship tanks 33 landing ship mediums 62 destroyers 58 frigates 75 corvettes 150 missile boats 26 submarine chasers 17+ gunboats 36 mine countermeasure vessels 69 submarines 19 replenishment ships 232 auxiliaries الاشتباكات الحرب الأهلية الصينية Battle of the Paracel Islands الحرب الصينية الڤيتنامية Johnson South Reef Skirmish عمليات مكافحة القرصنة في الصومال الموقع الإلكتروني eng.chinamil.com.cn/armed-forces/navy.htm القادة Commander Admiral Shen Jinlong Political Commissar Admiral Qin Shengxiang الشارات Flag and ensign Jack Badge الطائرات التابعة طائرة هجومية JH-7 قاذفة قنابل H-6 الحرب الإلكترونية Y-8 مقاتلة J-8, J-10, J-11, Su-30MK2, J-15 مروحية Z-8, Z-9, Mi-8, Z-10, Ka-28, AS365 مقاتلة اعتراضية J-7, J-8 طائرة دورية Y-8, Y-9 استطلاع Y-9 طائرة تدريب JL-8, JL-9 طائرة شحن Y-7, Y-9 Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy الصينية المبسطة 中国人民解放军海军 الصينية التقليدية 中國人民解放軍海軍 النقحرة المندرينية الفصحى هان‌يو پن‌ين Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Hǎijūn البحرية الشعبية الصينية المبسطة 人民海军 الصينية التقليدية 人民海軍 النقحرة المندرينية الفصحى هان‌يو پن‌ين Rénmín Hǎijūn البحرية الصينية الصينية المبسطة 中国海军 الصينية التقليدية 中國海軍 النقحرة المندرينية الفصحى هان‌يو پن‌ين Zhōngguó Hǎijūn

بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي الصينية التقليدية 中國人民解放軍海軍 الحروف المبسطة 中国人民解放军海军 النقحرة المندرينية الفصحى هان‌يو پن‌ين Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Hǎijūn

بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي (PLAN أو PLA Navy)، هي فرع القوات البحرية من جيش التحرير الشعبي، القوات المسلحة الصينية. It is composed of five sub-branches: the Surface Force, the Submarine Force, the Coastal Defense Force, the Marine Corps and the Naval Air Force, with a total strength of 384,000 personnel, including 55,000 marines and 50,000 naval aviation personnel. The PLAN's combat units are deployed among three theater command fleets, namely the North Sea, East Sea and South Sea Fleet, which serve the Northern, Eastern and Southern Theater Command, respectively.

The PLAN was formally established on 23 April 1949 and traces its lineage to maritime fighting units during the Chinese Civil War, including many elements of the Republic of China Navy which had defected. Until the late 1980s, the PLAN was largely a riverine and littoral force (brown-water navy) mostly in charge of coastal defense and patrol against potential Nationalist amphibious invasions and territorial waters disputes in the East and South China Sea (roles that are now largely relegated to the paramilitary China Coast Guard), and had been traditionally a maritime support subordinate to the PLA Ground Force. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Chinese leadership were freed from overland border concerns with the northern neighbor and shifted towards more forward-oriented foreign and national security policies in the 1990s, and the PLAN leaders were able to advocate for renewed attention toward limited command of the seas as a green-water navy operating in the marginal seas within the range of coastal air parity.

Into the 21st century, Chinese military officials have outlined plans to operate with blue water capability between the first and second island chains, with Chinese strategists talking about the modernization of the PLAN into "a regional blue-water defensive and offensive navy." Transitioning into a blue-water navy, regular naval exercises and patrols have increased in the Taiwan Strait, the Senkaku Islands/Diaoyutai in the East China Sea, and within the nine-dash line in the South China Sea, and all of which China claims as its territory despite the Republic of China (ROC, i.e. Taiwan), Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines each also claiming a significant part of the South China Sea. Some exercises and patrols of the PLAN in recent years went as close to and within the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Japan, Taiwan, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, although undisputed territorial waters have been not been crossed except in cases of innocent passage.

 المهام

الوحدات البحرية الرئيسية في المناطق العسكرية لجيش التحرير الشعبي في 2006 (المصدر: وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية) – انقر للتكبير.

أوقات السلم:

• القيام بدوريات بحرية في المياه الاقليمية
• التواجد في المياه الاقليمية وحماية المنشآت الموجودة بها
• محاربة القرصنة، التهريب، والبحث والانقاذ
• تحقيق الأمن في المياه الاقليمية
• توفير الدعم اللوجستي للمقاتلات وحاميات الجزر.
• تأمين خطوط الاتصالات البحرية.

أوقات الحرب:

• الدفاع عن البحار الاقليمية
• الحصار أو حماية الطرق الحيوية للسفن ونقاط الاختناق
• القيام بالنقل التكتيكي، الدعم، والعمليات البرمائية للقوات البرية
• الدفاع الجوي
• عمليات مقاومة الغواصات
• الالتحام بسفن الأعداء
• توفير الدعم اللوجستي للمقاتلين وحاميات الجزر.

 التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: التاريخ البحري للصين

A gunboat in used in the Battle of Toumenshan

The PLAN traces its lineage to units of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN) who defected to the People's Liberation Army towards the end of the Chinese Civil War. A number of Japanese and Manchukuo Imperial Navy gunboats used to patrol the river border with the Soviet Union were also handed over to the PLA following the surrender of Japan. In 1949, Mao Zedong asserted that "to oppose imperialist aggression, we must build a powerful navy". During the Landing Operation on Hainan Island, the communists used wooden junks fitted with mountain guns as both transport and warships against the ROCN. The navy was established on 23 April 1949 by consolidating regional naval forces under Joint staff Department command in Jiangyan (now in Taizhou, Jiangsu).

The Naval Academy was set up at Dalian on 22 November 1949, mostly with Soviet instructors. It then consisted of a motley collection of ships and boats acquired from the Kuomintang forces. The Naval Air Force was added two years later. By 1954, an estimated 2,500 Soviet naval advisers were in China—possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel—and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships.

With Soviet assistance, the navy reorganized in 1954 and 1955 into the North Sea Fleet, East Sea Fleet, and South Sea Fleet, and a corps of admirals and other naval officers was established from the ranks of the ground forces. In shipbuilding the Soviets first assisted the Chinese, then the Chinese copied Soviet designs without assistance, and finally the Chinese produced vessels of their own design. Eventually Soviet assistance progressed to the point that a joint Sino-Soviet Pacific Ocean fleet was under discussion.

 الخمسينيات والستينيات

Through the upheavals of the late 1950s and 1960s the Navy remained relatively undisturbed. Under the leadership of Minister of National Defense Lin Biao, large investments were made in naval construction during the frugal years immediately after the Great Leap Forward. During the Cultural Revolution, a number of top naval commissars and commanders were purged.

Naval forces were used to suppress a revolt in Wuhan in July 1967, but the service largely avoided the turmoil affecting the country. Although it paid lip service to Mao and assigned political commissars aboard ships, the Navy continued to train, build, and maintain the fleets as well the coastal defense and aviation arms, as well as in the performance of its mission.

 السبعينيات والثمانيينات

البحارة الصينيون في چینگداو، المقر الرئيسي لأسطول البحر الشمالي في عرض عسكري مع Type-56 carbines.

A starboard view of the PLA Navy Han class nuclear-powered attack submarine No. 405 under way. 1 أبريل 1993.

 القرن 21

سفينتا البحرية الصينية چینگداو و تاي‌تسانگ أثناء دورانهما حول العالم، سنة 2002

في ربيع 2020، كانت توجد ستة أنفاق أنشأتها بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي، لحماية الغواصات. الأنفاق محفورة في نتوءات صخرية مطلة على المحيط.

 الوضع الحالي

China’s Critical Sea Lines of Communication. In 2004, over 80 percent of Chinese crude oil imports transited the Straits of Malacca, with less than 2 percent transiting the Straits of Lombok.

 الاستراتيجية، الخطط والأولويات

احتفالات البحرية الصينية بعيدها ال60 في عام 2009.

 التنظيم

المقالة الرئيسية: تنظيم بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي

Major naval units in the PLA military regions in 2006

The PLAN is organized into several departments for purposes of command, control and coordination. Main operating forces are organized into fleets, each with its own headquarters, a commander (a Rear Admiral or Vice Admiral) and a Political Commisar. All PLAN headquarters are subordinate to the PLA Joint Staff Department and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

 الأساطيل

The People's Liberation Army Navy is divided into three fleets:

• The North Sea Fleet, based in the Yellow Sea and headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong Province.
• The East Sea Fleet, based in the East China Sea and headquartered in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province.
• The South Sea Fleet, based in the South China Sea and headquartered in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province.

Each fleet consists of surface forces (destroyers, frigates, amphibious vessels etc.), submarine forces, coastal defence units, and aircraft.

 الأفرع

 سلاح الغواصات

المقالة الرئيسية: سلاح الغواصات ببحرية جيش التحرير الصيني

The People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force is one of five branches in the navy and consists of all submarines both nuclear-powered and conventionally-powered in service with the PLAN. They are organised into flotillas spread across the three main fleets.

The PRC is the last of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council which has not conducted an operational ballistic missile submarine patrol, because of institutional problems. It operates a fleet of 68 submarines.

 PLAN Surface Force

Sailors from the U.S. Navy talk with Chinese Navy sailors from the guided-missile destroyer 153 Xi'an after the Rim of the Pacific 2016 exercise

المقالة الرئيسية: People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force

The People's Liberation Army Surface Force is one of five branches in the navy and consists of all surface warfare ships in service with the PLAN. They are organised into flotillas spread across the three main fleets.

 PLAN Coastal Defence Force

المقالة الرئيسية: People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force

The PLAN Coastal Defence Force is a land-based fighting force and branch of the PLAN with a strength of around 25,000 personnel. Also known as the coastal defense troops, they serve to defend China's coastal areas from invasion via amphibious landings or air-attack. Throughout the 1960s to 1980s, the Coastal Defense Force was focused on defending China's coast from a possible Soviet sea-borne invasion. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the threat of an amphibious invasion of China has diminished and therefore the branch is often considered to no-longer to be a vital component of the PLAN, especially as the surface warships of the PLAN continue to improve in terms of anti-ship and air-defence capabilities.

Today the primary weapons of the coastal defense troops are the HY-2, YJ-82, and C-602 anti-ship missiles.

 PLAN Marine Corps

المقالة الرئيسية: People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps

PLAN Marines of the 1st Marine Brigade and members of the USMC fire the Type 95 Assault Rifle during an exchange exercise.

A PLAN marine with a boarding team assigned to the guided missile destroyer Haikou during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.

The PLAN Marine Corps was originally established in the 1950s and then re-established in 1979 under PLAN organisation. It consists of around 12,000 marines organised into two 6000-man brigades and is based in the South China Sea with the South Sea Fleet. The Marine Corps are considered elite troops, and are rapid mobilization forces trained primarily in amphibious warfare and as Paratroopers to establish a beachhead or act as a fighting spearhead during operations against enemy targets. The marines are equipped with the standard Type 95 Assault Rifle as well as other small arms and personnel equipment, and a blue/littoral camouflage uniform as standard. The marines are also equipped with armoured fighting vehicles (including amphibious light tanks such as the Type 63), artillery, and anti-aircraft artillery systems and short range surface-to-air missiles.

With the PLAN's accelerating efforts to expand its capabilities beyond territorial waters, it would be likely for the Marine Corps to play a greater role in terms of being an offshore expeditionary force similar to the USMC and Royal Marines.

 PLA Naval Air Force

المقالة الرئيسية: People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force

The People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force is the "air force" of the PLAN and has a strength of around 25,000 personnel and 690 aircraft. It operates similar aircraft to the People's Liberation Army Air Force, including fighter aircraft, bombers, strike aircraft, tankers, reconnaissance aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, maritime patrol aircraft, transport aircraft, and helicopters of various roles. The PLA Naval Air Force has traditionally received older aircraft than the PLAAF and has taken less ambitious steps towards mass modernization. Advancements in new technologies, weaponry and aircraft acquisition were made after 2000. With the introduction of China's first aircraft carrier, Liaoning the Naval Air Force is for the first time conducting aircraft carrier operations. Naval Air Bases includes:

• North Sea Fleet: Dalian, Qingdao, Jinxi, Jiyuan, Laiyang, Jiaoxian, Xingtai, Laishan, Anyang, Changzhi, Liangxiang and Shan Hai Guan
• East Sea Fleet: Danyang, Daishan, Shanghai (Dachang), Ningbo, Luqiao, Feidong and Shitangqiao
• South Sea Fleet: Foluo, Haikou, Lingshui, Sanya, Guiping, Jialaishi and Lingling

 Relationship with other maritime organizations of China

انظر أيضاً: China Coast Guard

The PLAN is complemented by paramilitary maritime services such as the China Coast Guard. The Chinese Coast Guard was previously not under an independent command, considered part of the armed police, under the local (provincial) border defense force command, prior to its reorganization and consolidation as an unified service. It was formed from the integration of several formerly separate services (such as China Marine Surveillance (CMS), Hai Guang, People's Armed Police and sea militia). The CMS performed mostly coastal and ocean search and rescue or patrols. The CMS received quite a few large patrol ships that significantly enhanced their operations, while Hai Guang, militia, police and other services operated hundreds of small patrol craft. For maritime patrol services, these craft are usually quite well armed with machine guns and 37mm antiaircraft guns. In addition, these services operated their own small aviation units to assist their maritime patrol capabilities, with Hai Guang and CMS operating a handful of Harbin Z-9 helicopters, and a maritime patrol aircraft based on the Harbin Y-12 STOL transport.

Every coastal province has 1 to 3 Coast Guard squadrons:

• 3 Squadrons: Fujian, Guangdong
• 2 Squadrons: Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangxi
• 1 Squadron: Heibei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shanghai

 الرتب

المقالة الرئيسية: رتب بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي

The ranks in the People's Liberation Army Navy are similar to those of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. The current system of officer ranks and insignia dates from 1988 and is a revision of the ranks and insignia used from 1955 to 1965. The rank of Hai Jun Yi Ji Shang Jiang (First Class Admiral) was never held and was abolished in 1994. With the official introduction of the Type 07 uniforms all officer insignia are on either shoulders or sleeves depending on the type of uniform used. The current system of enlisted ranks and insignia dates from 1998.

 الطيران البحري

الطائرة	المنشأ	النوع	الطراز	في الخدمة	هوامش
طائرة ثابتة الأجنحة
Shenyang J-11BH/S	الصين	مقاتلة	ج-11	24	Chinese developed fighter with airframe based on the Su-27
Chengdu J-10	الصين	مقاتلة	J-10, J-10AS, J-10SH	20
Xian JH-7A Flounder	الصين	غارة بحرية	JH-7A	35
Shenyang J-8II Finback –	الصين	مقاتلة	ج-8	48
Chengdu J-7D/E Fishbed	الصين	اعتراضية	J-7	30
Sukhoi Su-30 MK2 Flanker	روسيا الصين	مقاتلة	Su-30MKK2/33	24
Nanchang Q-5 Fantan	الصين	قصف خفيف	أ-5	30
Xian H-6	الصين	قصف استراتيجي	H-6D	16
Shaanxi Y-8MPA	الصين	دورية	Y-8 MPA	6	An-12 licensed copy
Shaanxi Y-8	الصين	AEW	Y-8 ELINT	2
Harbin SH-5	الصين	ASW	SH-5	3
Shenyang JianJiao JJ-6 Farmer	الصين	تدريب	JJ-6	30
Xian Y-7	الصين	نقل متوسط	Y-7	10	a variant of Antonov An-24 Coke
Shijiazhuang Y-5	الصين	light utility aircraft	Y-5	3
JF-15	الصين	Multirole combat aircraft	JF15		50 ordered
Hongdu JL-8	الصين	تدريب نفاث/ هجوم خفيف	JL-8	12
Guizhou JL-9	الصين	تدريب نفاث/ هجوم	JL-9	12
مروحيات
Chenghe Z-8	الصين	AEW	Z-8	26	Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon variant
Harbin Z-9	الصين	ASW/SAR	Z-9	21	Z-9C
Mil Mi-8 Hip	الاتحاد السوڤيتي	مروحية نقل متوسطة	مي-8	8
Kamov Ka-28 Helix	الاتحاد السوڤيتي	ASW	Ka-28	12	6 ordered
Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin		مروحية مهاجة	AS365N	3

 الأسطول

انظر أيضاً: حاملة طائرات صينية

الحدود الجغرافية لسلسلة الجزر الأولى والثانية.

تم تعديل حاملة الطائرات السابقة ڤارياگ لاستخدامها في بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي.

This new display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution, was newly installed for the PLA's 90th anniversary. While it has speculative features like four catapults, J-20 fighters and stealthy UCAVs, the nuclear powered Type 003 supercarrier probably won't enter service until after 2030.

"سور الصين العظيم في قاع البحر" بمجسات وطوربيدات وغواصات غير مأهولة.

 انظر أيضاً

• قائمة سفن البحرية الصينية العاملة
• القوات البحرية لجيش التحرير الشعبي
• القوات الجوية لجيش التحرير الشعبي
• طائرات القوات البحرية لجيش التحرير الشعبي
• القوات الجوية البحرية لجيش التحرير الشعبي
• حاملة الطائرات السوڤيتية ڤارياگ
• بحرية تايوان

 المصادر

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.

 المراجع

• "People's Liberation Army Navy: A Modern Navy with Chinese Characteristics" (PDF). ONI. U.S. Navy. August 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
• Ronald O'Rourke (1 October 2010). "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). RL33153. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 30 November 2011.

 وصلات خارجية

• الطائرات العاملة في بحرية جيش التحرير الشعبي
• A Country Study: China
• PLAN – Chinese Defence Today
• Global Security – China