مارڤن منسكي

(تم التحويل من Marvin Minsky)
مارڤن منسكي
Marvin Lee Minsky
مارڤن منسكي في 2008
وُلِدَ9 أغسطس 1927 (العمر 98 سنة)
مدينة نيويورك, الولايات المتحدة
توفي24 يناير 2016
بوسطن، مساتشوستس، الولايات المتحدة
المدرسة الأمجامعة هارڤرد
جامعة پرنستون
عـُرِف بـذكاء إصطناعي[1]
Confocal microscope[2]
Useless machine[3]
Triadex Muse[4]
Transhumanism[5]
Perceptrons (book)[6]
The Society of Mind[7]
The Emotion Machine[8]
Frame
الجوائزجائزة تورنگ (1969)
جائزة اليابان (1990)
IJCAI Award for Research Excellence (1991)
ميدالية بنيامين فرانكلين (2001)
Computer History Museum Fellow (2006)[9]
2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتعلوم معرفية
الهيئاتMIT
المشرف على الدكتوراهألبرت و. تكر
طلاب الدكتوراهنايل الشافعي
مانويل بلوم
دانيال بوبرو
كارل هيويت
داني هليس
جول موزس
جرالد جاي سسمان
إڤان سذرلاند
تري وينوگراد
پاتريك ونستون
الموقع الإلكترونيweb.media.mit.edu/~minsky

مارڤن لي منسكي (و. 9 اغسطس، 1927 - 24 يناير 2016)، هو عالم معرفي أمريكي في مجال الذكاء الإصطناعي، عضو ومؤسس معمل الذكاء الإصطناعي بمعهد تكنولوجيا مساتشوستس، وله العديد من الكتابات حول الفلسفة والذكاء الإصطناعي.


بيبليوگرافيا

ولد مارڤن في مدينة نيويورك، والتحق بمدرسة فيلدستون ومدرسة برونكس العليا للعلوم. التحق بعد ذلك بأكاديمية فلپس في أندوڤر، مساتشوستس. عمل في البحرية الأمريكية من 1944-1945. حصل على البكالوريوس في الرياضيات من جامعة هارڤرد 1950 والدكتوراه في نفس المجال من جامعة پرنستون 1954. وفي كلية معهد تكنولجيا مساتشوستس منذ 1958. في 1959 [10] أسس هو وجون ماك كارثي معمل الذكاء الإصطناعي وعلوم الحاسوب في معهد تكنولوجيا مساتشوستس. يعمل حاليا أستاذ توشيبا في فنون الإعلام والعلوم، وأستاذ هندسة إلكترونيات وعلوم حاسب.

The Minskytron or "Three Position Display" running on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, 2007


Early life and education

Marvin Lee Minsky was born on August 9, 1927, into a Jewish family in New York City. His mother was Fannie (Reiser), a Zionist activist, and his father was Henry, an eye surgeon.[11][12][13][14] Minsky attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School and the Bronx High School of Science.[11] He later attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.[11] He served in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1945[11] before returning to his education and earning a A.B. in mathematics from Harvard University (1950) and a Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University (1954)[11]. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain-model problem".[15][16][17]

Career

Minsky began his academic career as a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1954 to 1957.[18][19] He joined the MIT faculty in 1958 and remained there until his death.[11] He joined the staff at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1958; a year later, he and John McCarthy initiated what was, اعتبارا من 2003, named the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[20][21]

At the time of his death, Minsky was the Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences as well as professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT.[22]

Contributions in computer science

3D profile of a coin (partial) measured with a modern confocal white light microscope

Minsky's inventions include the first head-mounted graphical display (1963)[23]قالب:Third party inline and the confocal microscope[2]قالب:Third party inline[note 1] (1957, a predecessor to today's widely used confocal laser scanning microscope).[citation needed] With Seymour Papert, he developed the first Logo programming language-driven "turtle robot".[24] In 1951, Minsky built the first randomly wired neural network learning machine, SNARC.[citation needed] In 1962, he worked on small universal Turing machines and published his well-known 7-state, 4-symbol machine.[25][بحاجة لمصدر أفضل]

Minsky and Papert's book Perceptrons attacked the work of Frank Rosenblatt on Perceptrons and became the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks. The book is the center of a controversy in the history of AI, as some claim it greatly discouraged research on neural networks in the 1970s and contributed to the so-called "AI winter".[26] Minsky also developed several other AI models.[citation needed] His paper, "A Framework for Representing Knowledge,"[27][استشهاد ناقص] created a new paradigm in knowledge representation.[according to whom?][citation needed] Perceptrons is now viewed as of more historical than practical interest, but his theory of frames was in wide use as of 1975.[citation needed][needs update][28][استشهاد ناقص]

The MA-3 Robotic Manipulator Arm, on display at MIT Museum
  • General view
    General view
  • The Belgrade Hand
    The Belgrade Hand

In the early 1970s, at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Minsky and Papert began to develop what came to be known as the Society of Mind theory.[citation needed] The theory describes intelligence as the possible product of the interaction of non-intelligent parts.[citation needed] Minsky said that ideas for the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a videocamera, and a computer to build with children's blocks.[citation needed] In 1986, he published The Society of Mind,[استشهاد ناقص] a comprehensive book on the theory which—unlike most of his previously published work[citation needed]—was written for the general public.[citation needed]

In 2006, Minsky published The Emotion Machine, a book that critiques many popular theories of how the human mind works, and suggests alternative theories, often replacing simple ideas with more complex ones.[29]قالب:Third party inline

Miscellaneous interests

Minsky examined the possibility that extraterrestrial life may think like humans, thus permitting communication.[30]

Minsky invented a "gravity machine" that rings a bell if the gravitational constant changes, a theoretical possibility not expected to occur in the foreseeable future.[31]

دوره في الثقافة الشعبية

السوق لا يحتاج معادلة مثالية، بل يحتاج سرباً من العملاء "الأغبياء" الذين يبحثون من زوايا متعددة دون أن يرى أحدهم الصورة الكاملة. هذه ليست فكرة جديدة، بل هي جوهر الذكاء كما شرحه مارفن مينسكي منذ عقود: الذكاء يظهر من ربط أجزاء غبية بشكل صحيح. لكن الميزة الحقيقية ليست في السرب نفسه، بل في البنية التي تربطه. فبدون التقييد والربط السليم، يتحول ألف عنصر غبي إلى ضوضاء مكلفة تنهار، وليس إلى عبقري جماعي. البنية هي السر، وليس العدد.
أنثروبيك تدفع 900 ألف دولار لبناء أنظمة متعددة العوامل، لكن الفكرة تعود لمارفن مينسكي منذ 40 عاماً: الذكاء ليس كياناً واحداً، بل مجتمع من متخصصين غير أذكياء، كل يؤدي وظيفة بسيطة، وبإدارتها تظهر الذكاء. هذه ليست حيلة جديدة، بل إعادة بناء لبنية دماغك التي تعمل بها طوال حياتك. الميزة الحقيقية ليست في إنشاء العوامل، بل في التنسيق بينها. ألف متخصص مُدار بشكل سيء يخلق فوضى، وليس عبقرية. الأداة مجانية، أما الحكم – أي معرفة متى تستدعي أي متخصص وكيف تدمج إجاباتهم – فهو جوهر اللعبة.

Minsky was an adviser to Stanley Kubrick on his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey; one of the movie's characters, Victor Kaminski, was named in Minsky's honor.[32][33] Arthur C. Clarke's novel of the same name explicitly mentions Minsky. In it, he achieves a crucial breakthrough in artificial intelligence in the then-future 1980s, paving the way for HAL 9000 in the early 21st century:

In the 1980s, Minsky and Good had shown how artificial neural networks could be generated automatically—self replicated—in accordance with any arbitrary learning program. Artificial brains could be grown by a process strikingly analogous to the development of a human brain. In any given case, the precise details would never be known, and even if they were, they would be millions of times too complex for human understanding.[34][استشهاد ناقص]

In "The Law of Non-Contradiction", a season 3 episode of the television anthology series Fargo, at least two allusions to Minsky are made.[citation needed] The first is through the depiction of a "useless machine", a device Minsky invented as a philosophical joke[citation needed] and of which Claude Shannon, Minsky's mentor at Bell Labs, built the first working prototype.[35][verification needed] The second is through the depiction of the animation of a robot called "minsky", a character in the science fiction novel The Planet Wyh.[مطلوب توضيح][citation needed]

Published works

Awards and recognition

Minsky won the Turing Award, "computer science's highest prize", in 1969,[11][36] the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1982,[37] the Japan Prize in 1990,[38] the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence for 1991,[citation needed] and the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute in 2001.[39] In 2006, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for co-founding the field of artificial intelligence, creating early neural networks and robots, and developing theories of human and machine cognition."[40] In 2011, Minsky was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI Hall of Fame for "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".[41] In 2014, from the past-present-future trio of Dan David Prizes, Minsky was awarded the "Future"-oriented prize, for "Artificial Intelligence, the Digital Mind".[42][43] He was also awarded with the 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Information and Communication Technologies category.[44]

Minsky was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1973[45][23] and to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 1989.[46][23]

Other organizations with which he was affiliated include:

Media appearances

  • Machine Dreams (1988)
  • Future Fantastic (1996)

أعمال مختارة

  • Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1954. The first publication of theories and theorems about learning in neural networks, secondary reinforcement, circulating dynamic storage and synaptic modifications.
  • Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines, Prentice-Hall, 1967. A standard text in computer science. Out of print now, but soon to reappear.
  • Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press, 1968. This collection had a strong influence on modern computational linguistics.
  • Perceptrons, with Seymour Papert, MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988).
  • Artificial Intelligence, with Seymour Papert, Univ. of Oregon Press, 1972. Out of print.
  • Communication with Alien Intelligence, 1985
  • Robotics, Doubleday, 1986. Edited collection of essays about robotics, with Introduction and Postscript by Minsky.
  • The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster, 1987. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
  • The Turing Option, with Harry Harrison, Warner Books, New York, 1992. Science fiction thriller about the construction of a superintelligent robot in the year 2023.
  • The Emotion Machine[50] Simon and Schuster, November 2006. ISBN 0-7432-7663-9 (book available online on his MIT home page; see below)

انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ Minsky, M. (1961). "Steps toward Artificial Intelligence". Proceedings of the IRE. 49: 8–1. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287775.
  2. ^ أ ب Minsky, M. (1988). "Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope". Scanning. 10 (4): 128–138. doi:10.1002/sca.4950100403.
  3. ^ Pesta, A (March 12, 2014). "Looking for Something Useful to Do With Your Time? Don't Try This". WSJ. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  4. ^ Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honor of Marvin Minsky's Contributions on his 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 109. doi:10.1609/aimag.v28i4.2064 (inactive 2016-02-10). Retrieved January 26, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of فبراير 2016 (link)
  5. ^ Minsky, Marvin (1960). "Steps toward artificial intelligence". Retrieved December 13, 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Papert, Seymour; Minsky, Marvin Lee (1988). Perceptrons: an introduction to computational geometry. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-63111-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (1986). The society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-60740-5. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
  8. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (2007). The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7664-7.
  9. ^ "Marvin Minsky".
  10. ^ Horgan, John (November 1993). "Profile: Marvin L. Minsky: The Mastermind of Artificial Intelligence". Scientific American. 269 (5): 14–15.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة nytimes-obit
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة natureobit
  13. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (February 3, 2016). "Marvin Minsky Obituary". The Guardian (TheGuardian.com). Retrieved 2026-02-21.
  14. ^ Swedin, Eric Gottfrid (August 10, 2005). Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 188 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Minsky, Marvin (July 31, 1954). "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain-model problem" – via catalog.princeton.edu.
  16. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (1954). Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem (PhD thesis). Princeton University. OCLC 3020680. ProQuest 301998727.
  17. ^ Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honor of Marvin Minsky's Contributions on his 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 103–110. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  18. ^ "Society of Fellows, Listed by Term". Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  19. ^ "Marvin Minsky, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  20. ^ Horgan, John (November 1993). "Profile: Marvin L. Minsky: The Mastermind of Artificial Intelligence". Scientific American. 269 (5): 14–15. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269e..35H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-35.
  21. ^ Rifkin, Glenn (28 January 2016). "Marvin Minsky, pioneer in artificial intelligence, dies at 88". The Tech. MIT. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  22. ^ Fisher, Lawrence (April 2016). "Marvin Minsky: 1927-2016". Communications of the ACM. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  23. ^ أ ب ت "Brief Academic Biography of Marvin Minsky". Web.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2016.قالب:Third party inline
  24. ^ Patil-Takbhate, Bhagyashri; Takbhate, Rupesh; Khopkar-Kale, Priyanka; Tripathy, Srikanth (2024-09-02). "Marvin Minsky: The Visionary Behind the Confocal Microscope and the Father of Artificial Intelligence". Cureus (in الإنجليزية). 16 (9) e68434. doi:10.7759/cureus.68434. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 11445717. PMID 39360114. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help)
  25. ^ Turlough Neary, Damien Woods, "Small Weakly Universal Turing Machines", Machines, Computations, and Universality 2007, proceedings, Orleans, France, September 10–13, 2007, ISBN 3540745920, p. 262-263
  26. ^ Olazaran, Mikel (August 1996). "A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy". Social Studies of Science. 26 (3): 611–659. doi:10.1177/030631296026003005. JSTOR 285702. S2CID 16786738.
  27. ^ Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.[استشهاد ناقص]
  28. ^ "Minsky's Frame System Theory". Proceedings of the 1975 Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP '75). 1975. pp. 104–116. doi:10.3115/980190.980222. S2CID 1870840.[استشهاد ناقص]
  29. ^ "Marvin Minsky's Home Page". web.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2016.قالب:Third party inline
  30. ^ Minsky, Marvin (April 1985). "Communication with Alien Intelligence". Byte. Vol. 10, no. 4. Peterborough, New Hampshire: UBM Technology Group. p. 127. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  31. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Pesta
  32. ^ For more, see this interview, "Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky, Section 03". Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  33. ^ "AI pioneer Marvin Minsky dies aged 88". BBC News. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  34. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (April 1968). 2001: A Space Odyssey. Hutchinson, UK
    New American Library, US. ISBN 0-453-00269-2.    [استشهاد ناقص]
  35. ^ "Shannon's Ultimate Machine".
  36. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kuhn2016
  37. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  38. ^ "The Japan Prize". Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  39. ^ Marvin Minsky – The Franklin Institute Awards – Laureate Database Archived مايو 26, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Franklin Institute. Retrieved on March 25, 2008.
  40. ^ "Marvin Minsky: 2006 Fellow". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  41. ^ Zeng, Daniel (2011). "AI's Hall of Fame" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 26 (4): 5–15. Bibcode:2011IISys..26d...5Z. doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  42. ^ DDP Staff (2014). "Previous Laureates / Marvin Minsky (1927 – 2016)". DanDavidPrize.org. Retrieved 2026-02-21.
  43. ^ "Dan David prize 2014 winners". May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
  44. ^ "MIT artificial intelligence, robotics pioneer feted: Award celebrates Minsky's career". BostonGlobe.com. August 24, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  45. ^ NAS Staff (1973). "Marvin L. Minsky / Massachusetts Institute of Technology". NASonline.org. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Retrieved 2026-02-21.
  46. ^ NAE Staff (1989). "Dr. Marvin L. Minsky / Toshiba Professor of Media Art & Sciences Emeritus / Massachusetts Institute of Technology". NAE.edu. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Engineering (NAE). Retrieved 2026-02-21.
  47. ^ "Extropy Institute Directors & Advisors". www.extropy.org.
  48. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة AlcorBoard
  49. ^ "kynamatrix Research Network: About". www.kynamatrix.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  50. ^ Simon & Schuster: The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind (Hardcover)

وصلات خارجية

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