لغات الملايو للتجارة والتوالد
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
| Malay trade and creole languages | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa-bahasa Melayu Dagang dan Kreol بهاس٢ ملايو داݢڠ دان کريول | |
| موطنها | Southeast Asia, South Asia and Australia |
| العرق | various |
كريول
| |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| IETF | crp-035 |
Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər- and bər-.
Other common features:
- Ada became a progressive particle.
- Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun.
- The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'.
- Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'.
- A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.[1]
For example,[2]
- Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
- Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
- Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English.[3] The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages.[4] Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations.[3]
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ملايو بابا
| Baba Malay ملايو بابا | |
|---|---|
| المنطقة | Melaka (in Malaysia) and Singapore |
الناطقون الأصليون | 2,000 (2014)[5] |
Malay-based creole | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | mbf |
| Glottolog | baba1267 |
| ELP | Baba Malay |
Baba Malay is spoken by the Peranakans in Melaka (in Malaysia) and Singapore. A typical contact language between Hokkien male settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".[5] As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.[5] It is mostly spoken among the older populations.[6] In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.[5] A Baba Indonesian variant is also spoken in East Java.
Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):[7]
- Dia suka datang sini sembang.: He likes to come here and gossip.
- Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.: Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
- Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.: I waited for him until I got angry.
- Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.: Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
إندونيسية بابا
| Baba Indonesian | |
|---|---|
| Peranakan Indonesian | |
| Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan Basa Peranakan بهاس ڤرانقن | |
| المنطقة | East Java, Central Java. West Java, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, and other pocket communities in Indonesia |
| العرق | |
الناطقون الأصليون | (20,000 cited 1981)[8] |
Malay-based creole | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | pea |
| Glottolog | pera1256 |
A kind of Baba Malay, locally called Peranakan from the ethnonym, is spoken among Chinese-Indonesians living in various regions of Indonesia, most visibly in Surabaya and Medan. It is a mixture of three languages: Indonesian (national language), a local language and Chinese elements (ancestry/ethnic language, particularly for certain jargon or glossary such as family relations, business and commerce, and culinary fields). The most famous variety is found in East Java, especially in Surabaya and surrounding areas, called Basa Suroboyoan (Surabayan language), with a strong emphasis of low Javanese （ngoko Javanese) and informal tone, which is not only spoken by Chinese-Indonesian in Surabaya, but also by non-Chinese-Indonesians when conversing with the former.
Example (spoken in Surabaya):
- Kamu mbok ojok gitu!: Don't act that way!
- Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?: How's Eli?
- Ntik kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.: Go with your sister, okay?
- Nih, makanen sakadae.: Please have a meal!
- Kamu cariken bukune koko ndhek rumahe Ling Ling.: Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house.
Apart from East Javan Chinese-Indonesian, other Chinese-Indonesians tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live, such as the Central Javan Chinese-Indonesian can speak with formal/high Javanese (krama Javanese) when necessary, while in daily conversation they will use Indonesia-Javanese-Chinese pidgin. West Javan Chinese-Indonesians tend to mix Sundanese in their vocabulary, and Medan (North Sumatran) Chinese-Indonesian have more Hokkien words mixed in.
Betawi Malay
Malaccan Creole Malay
Sri Lanka Malay
Singapore Bazaar Malay
Singapore Bazaar Malay, also known as Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, or Market Malay, is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.[3] Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language.[9] However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.[3]
Sabah Malay
| Sabah Malay | |
|---|---|
| المنطقة | Sabah, Sulu Archipelago, Labuan, North Kalimantan, south Palawan |
الناطقون الأصليون | [10] 3 million L2 speakers (2013)[11] |
Malay–based pidgin | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | msi |
| Glottolog | saba1263 |
A pidginised variant of standard Malay, Sabah Malay is a local trade language.[12] There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have a second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago as a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan. There are loanwords from Tausug, Sama-Bajau languages, Chabacano, Brunei Malay, Indonesian, standard Malaysian as well as other ethnic native languages of Sabah & North Kalimantan.
Makassar Malay
| Makassar Malay | |
|---|---|
| موطنها | Indonesia |
| المنطقة | Makassar, South Sulawesi |
الناطقون الأصليون | None[13] Second language: 1٫9 million (2000) |
Mixed Malay–Makassarese | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | mfp |
| Glottolog | maka1305 |
Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.[14][15]
It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.
Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.
Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of Kalimantan Timur.[16]
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Balinese Malay
| Balinese Malay | |
|---|---|
| Omong Kampung بهاس ملايو بالي ᬒᬁᬢᬶᬬᬂ | |
| موطنها | Indonesia |
| المنطقة | Bali especially in Jembrana |
| العرق | |
الناطقون الأصليون | 25,000 (2000 census)[17] |
| Latin script Jawi script Balinese script | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | mhp |
| Glottolog | bali1279 |
Balinese Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island of Bali. It is also known as Omong Kampung ("village speak") by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara, Jembrana Regency.[18] The current language status is threatened.[19]
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
Eastern Indonesian Malay
The creoles of eastern Indonesia[20] appear to have formed as Malays, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:
- ə becomes a, e, or assimilates to the following vowel
- i, u lowered to e, o in some environments, especially when it is at the end of a syllable
- there is a loss of final plosives p, t, k, and n the neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
- the perfective marker juga reduces to ju or jo
- the perfective marker lebih reduces to le
- the perfective marker mau reduces to mo
- the perfective marker mana reduces to ma (as this only occur on Kupang Malay).
- the perfective marker dan reduces to deng
- the perfective marker pun reduces to pung
- the perfective marker sudah reduces to su or so[1]
For example,[2]
- makan becomes makang
- pərgi becomes pigi or pi,pe
- tərkəjut becomes takajo
- ləmbut becomes lombo
- dapat becomes dapa
- jangan becomes jang
- pada becomes pa
- lupa becomes lu
Bacan (next) is perhaps the most archaic, and appears to be closely related to Brunei Malay (which is still a creole).
There is a loss of diphthongs:
- the diphthong "au" become to "o"
- the diphthong "ai" reduces to "e"
- the letter" u" become "o"
There are many affixes that the pronunciation is simplified:
- The prefix "mə(N)" reduces to "ma"
- The prefix "bə(r)", reduces to "ba"
- The prefix "tə(r)", reduces to "ta"
- The prefix "kə", reduces to "ka"
For example:
The loss of middle "ə" and "h" in the last end of words:
- tərbəlah becomes tabla
- bərtəngkar becomes batengkar
- mənangis becomes manangis
- kəhidupan becomes kaidopan
Alor Malay
Alor Malay is spoken in the Alor archipelago. Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.[21]
Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.[22]
Ambonese Malay
Bacanese Malay
Bacanese Malay is a Malayic isolect spoken in Bacan Island and its surroundings, south of Halmahera, North Maluku. Bacanese Malay is considered rather different from other Malay-derived languages in eastern Indonesia because of its archaic lexicon and being rather close to its sister languages in Borneo such as Banjarese and Brunei Malay. It was also used as a supplementary language in the reconstruction of Proto-Malayic.[23]
Bandanese Malay
| Bandanese Malay | |
|---|---|
| Banda Malay | |
| موطنها | Indonesia |
| المنطقة | Banda Islands |
الناطقون الأصليون | 3,700 (2000)[24] |
Malay-based creole
| |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | bpq |
| Glottolog | band1353 |
Bandanese Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken in Banda Islands, Maluku. Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Bandanese Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.
Example :
- Beta : I
- pane : you
- katorang : we
- mir : ants (deviated from Dutch : mier)
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Dili Malay
Dili Malay is a variety of trade Malay spoken in Dili, Timor Leste especially in the Kampung Alor area.[25] According to experts, before becoming the mother tongue of a number of its speakers, this language was originally a pidgin language (Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). Then, in its development, this pidgin language became a creole language which was used in wider social interactions in society (Todd, 1974:50).[26] Due to the long historical presence of the Portuguese in East Timor, several Dili Malay loanwords originate from Portuguese and Tetum, with little influences from other native languages.
Gorap
| Gorap | |
|---|---|
| موطنها | Indonesia |
| المنطقة | Morotai Island, central Halmahera |
الناطقون الأصليون | (1,000 cited 1992)[27] |
Malay-based creole
| |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | goq |
| Glottolog | gora1261 |
| ELP | Gorap |
Gorap is lexically 85% Malay, but has many Ternate words as well, and word order differs from both Austronesian and Halmahera languages. Children no longer acquire the language.
Kupang Malay
Manado Malay
Ternate / North Moluccan Malay
Papuan/Irian Malay
References
- ^ أ ب Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Darrell T., Tryon, eds. (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas. p. 673.
- ^ أ ب Collins, James T. (1989). "Malay dialect research in Malaysia: the issue of perspective" (PDF). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 145 (2/3): 235–264. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003253.
- ^ أ ب ت ث "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Singapore Bazaar Malay". apics-online.info. Retrieved 6 أكتوبر 2018.
- ^ قالب:Glotto
- ^ أ ب ت ث Lee, Nala Huiying (2014). A Grammar of Baba Malay with Sociophonetic Considerations (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. p. 13, 379. hdl:10125/101107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 أغسطس 2015.
- ^ "Malay, Baba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2018.
- ^ "BABA / PERANAKAN MALAY". The Peranakan Resource Library. Retrieved 12 ديسمبر 2014.
- ^ قالب:E18
- ^ Platt, John; Weber, Heidi (1980). English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ قالب:E17
- ^ قالب:E18
- ^ Hoogervorst, Tom G. (2011). "Some introductory notes on the development and characteristics of Sabah Malay". Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia. 13 (1): 50–77. doi:10.17510/wjhi.v13i1.9.
- ^ قالب:E18
- ^ Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Darrell T., Tryon, eds. (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas. p. 682.
- ^ "Makassarese Malay". Jakarta Field Station of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 19 ديسمبر 2018.
- ^ "Malay, Makassar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2018.
- ^ قالب:E18
- ^ Bagus, I Gusti Ngurah; Denes, I Made; Laksana, I Ketut Darma; Putrini, Nyoman; Ginarsa, I Ketut (1985). Kamus Melayu Bali-Indonesia (in الإندونيسية). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. pp. xi.
- ^ "Malay, Balinese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2018.
- ^ قالب:Glotto
- ^ Baird, Louise (2008). A grammar of Klon: a non-Austronesian language of Alor, Indonesia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ Klamer, Marion (2014). "The Alor-Pantar languages: Linguistic context, history and typology.". In Klamer, Marian (ed.). Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology. Berlin: Language Sciences Press. pp. 5–53. doi:10.17169/FUDOCS_document_000000020993. ISBN 9783944675602.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C119. hdl:1885/145782. ISBN 0858834081.
- ^ قالب:E18
- ^ "Diusulkan Jadi Bahasa ASEAN, Ini Daftar Negara Yang Pakai Bahasa Melayu". kumparan.com (in الإندونيسية). 6 أبريل 2022. Retrieved 18 مايو 2022.
- ^ Inyo Yos Fernandez. "Beberapa Catatan Tentang Bahasa Melayu Dili: Studi Awal Mengenai Bahasa Melayu Di Timor Timur". jurnal.ugm.ac.id (in الإندونيسية). Retrieved 18 مايو 2022.
- ^ قالب:E18
Works cited
- Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (in الإنجليزية). Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–24.
- Bowden, John (2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics (in الإنجليزية). 31 (2): 133–158.
- Henley, David (1996). Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Kluge, Angela Johanna Helene (2014). A Grammar of Papuan Malay (PhD). LOT Dissertation Series 361. Leiden University. hdl:1887/25849.
- Lim, Sonny (1988). "Baba Malay: the language of the 'Straits-born' Chinese". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 3. Pacific Linguistics Series A - No.78. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. pp. 1–61. doi:10.15144/PL-A78. hdl:1885/145107. ISBN 0-85883-382-4.
- Paulo, Derrick A (21 أكتوبر 2018). "Meet the Chetti Melaka, or Peranakan Indians, striving to save their vanishing culture". CNA. Retrieved 28 أبريل 2021.
- Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.). Prosody in Indonesian Languages. LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.9608. ISBN 978-90-78328-44-5.
