ماگنيتوگورسك
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B=
Magnitogorsk
Магнитогорск | |
|---|---|
 | |
.svg&filetimestamp=20100621194527&) Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Magnitogorsk  | |
  Magnitogorsk Location of Magnitogorsk  Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk (أوبلاست چليابنسك) | |
| الإحداثيات: 53°23′N 59°02′E / 53.383°N 59.033°E | |
| البلد | روسيا |
| الكيان الاتحادي | Chelyabinsk Oblast |
| Founded | 1743 |
| City status since | 1931 |
| الحكومة | |
| • Mayor | Maxim Avdulov |
| المنسوب | 370 m (1٬210 ft) |
| التعداد | |
| • الإجمالي | 407٬775 |
| • Estimate (2018) | 416٬521 (+2٫1%) |
| • الترتيب | 44th in 2010 |
| • Subordinated to | City of Magnitogorsk[2] |
| • Capital of | City of Magnitogorsk[2] |
| • Urban okrug | Magnitogorsky Urban Okrug[2] |
| • Capital of | Magnitogorsky Urban Okrug[2] |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+ ([3]) |
| Postal code(s)[4] | 455000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3519 |
| OKTMO ID | 75738000001 |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
ماگنيتوگورسك (روسية: Магнитогóрск، وتعني تقريباً: مدينة جبل المغنطيس؛ إنگليزية: Magnitogorsk) هي مدينة روسية تعد المركز الرئيسي للتعدين والحديد والصلب في روسيا. كما تصنع بهذه المدينة آلات التعدين. وهي تقع على نهر الاورال في جبال الأورال، في اوبلاست چليابنسك على بعد نحو 1,300 كم شرق موسكو. عدد سكانها 443,000 نسمة. وقد أخذت المدينة اسمها من مخزونها الكبير من المجنتيت، وهو نوعٌ من خام الحديد. وقد تأسست ماجنيتوجورسك عام 1931م
Magnitogorsk was named after Mount Magnitnaya, a geological anomaly that once consisted almost completely of iron ore, around 55% to 60% iron. It is the second-largest city in Russia that is not the administrative centre of any federal subject or district, after Tolyatti. Magnitogorsk contains the largest iron and steel works in the country: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The official motto of the city is "the place where Europe and Asia meet" (روسية: Место, где встречаются Европа и Азия), as the city straddles von Strahlenberg's line.
Magnitogorsk is one of a small number of planned socialist realist settlements established in the Soviet bloc during the Cold War (others including Nowa Huta in Poland, Havířov in Czechoslovakia and Eisenhüttenstadt in the GDR).
التاريخ
التأسيس
Magnitogorsk was founded in 1743 as part of the Orenburg Line of forts built during the reign of the Empress Elizabeth. By 1747, the settlement had grown large enough to justify the building of a small wooden chapel, later named "the Church of the Holy Trinity".
Russian iron-ore mining in this region dates back to 1752, when two entrepreneurs named Tverdysh and Myasnikov decided to explore the feasibility of mining in the area. They took advantage of the fact that Mount Magnitnaya did not belong to anyone at that time; they secured it for themselves by way of petition to Empress Elizabeth. In 1759, the petition was accepted, and they launched iron-ore production.
النمو
In 1928, a Soviet delegation arrived in Cleveland, Ohio, to discuss with American consulting company Arthur G. McKee a plan to set up in Magnitogorsk a copy of the U.S. Steel steel-mill in Gary, Indiana. The contract was increased four times, and eventually the new plant had a capacity of over four million tons annually.[5]
It was a showpiece of Soviet achievement. Huge reserves of iron ore in the area made it a prime location to build a steel plant capable of challenging its Western rivals. However, a large proportion of the workforce, as ex-peasants, typically had few industrial skills and little industrial experience. To solve these issues, several hundred foreign specialists arrived to direct the work, including a team of architects headed by the German Ernst May.
According to the original plans, the city was to have followed the linear city design, with rows of similar superblock neighborhoods running parallel to the factory, with a strip of greenery, or greenbelt, separating them. Planners would align living and production spheres so as to minimize necessary travel time: workers would generally live in a sector of the residential band closest to the sector of the industrial band in which they worked.
However, by the time that May completed his plans for Magnitogorsk, construction of both factory and housing had already started. The sprawling factory and enormous cleansing lakes had left little room available for development, and May therefore had to redesign his settlement to fit the modified site. This modification resulted in a city being more "rope-like" than linear. Although the industrial area is concentrated on the left bank of the river Ural, and most residential complexes are on its right bank, the city inhabitants are still subjected to noxious fumes and factory smoke.[citation needed]
The city underwent rapid change in the 1930s when, according to Stalin's Five-Year-Plans, Magnitogorsk was to become a one-industry town modeled after two of the most advanced steel-producing cities in the United States at that time: Gary, Indiana, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At this time, hundreds of foreign experts streamed in to implement and direct the work.[6]
The book Behind the Urals, by John Scott, documents the industrial development of Magnitogorsk during the 1930s. Scott discusses the fast-paced industrial and social developments during Stalin's first five-year plan and the rising paranoia of the Soviet regime preceding the Great Purge of the late 1930s. In 1931, it received the status of Город (حرفياً '[city]')
المدينة المغلقة
In 1937, foreigners were told to leave, and Magnitogorsk was declared a closed city. There is little reliable information about events and development of the city during the closed period.
The city played an important role during World War II because it supplied much of the steel for the Soviet war effort. Furthermore, its strategic location east of the Ural Mountains made Magnitogorsk safe from seizure by the German Army.[7]
إعادة فتح المدينة
During the perestroika movement of the Gorbachev administration, the closed-city status was removed, and foreigners were allowed to visit the city again. The years after perestroika brought a significant change in the life of the city; the Iron and Steel Plant was reorganized as a joint-stock company Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MISW or MMK), which helped with the reconstruction of the railway and the building of a new airport.
With the depletion of the substantial local iron-ore reserves, Magnitogorsk has to import raw materials from northern Kazakhstan.[8]
Magnitogorsk building collapse
On December 31, 2018, an apartment block in the city of Magnitogorsk suffered a gas explosion and collapse which killed 39 of its residents, and injured 17 more.[9]
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Magnitogorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[2] As a municipal division, the City of Magnitogorsk is incorporated as Magnitogorsky Urban Okrug.[2]
النقل
The city is connected by the Magnitogorsk International Airport and by a railway. Public transport includes trams, buses, and taxis. The city is ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in Russia for automobile congestion.[10]
Education and culture
There are two establishments of higher education in Magnitogorsk: Magnitogorsk State Technical University (MSTU) and Magnitogorsk State Conservatory (MSC). Magnitogorsk State University (MaSU), founded in 1932, in 2013 was merged with MSTU and ceased to exist as a separate university.
There are also three theatres: Pushkin Drama Theatre (the oldest in the city), the Opera and Ballet House, and the Puppet Theatre. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord opened in 2004.
Magnitogorsk is home to the Rear-front Memorial and the monument The First Tent dedicated to the first builders of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works.
_10.jpg&filetimestamp=20181208210119&)
الرياضة
Metallurg Magnitogorsk is an ice hockey team based in Magnitogorsk, playing in the Kontinental Hockey League. Evgeni Malkin (b. 1986) of the Pittsburgh Penguins, Ilya Samsonov (b. 1997) of HC Sochi, and Nikolai Kulemin (b. 1986), formerly of the New York Islanders, all used to play for the club and all are Magnitogorsk natives.
Metallurg Magnitogorsk won the Gagarin Cup in the 2013–14, 2015–16, and 2023–24 KHL seasons.
The town's football team is FC Magnitogorsk, playing in the Amateur Football League. Abzakovo is a popular mountain skiing base nearby, built by the MMK.
Several sports clubs are active in the city:
| Club | Sport | Founded | Current league | League rank |
Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metallurg Magnitogorsk | Ice hockey | 1955 | Kontinental Hockey League | 1st | Arena Metallurg |
| Stalnye Lisy | Ice hockey | 2009 | Junior Hockey League | Jr. 1st | Arena Metallurg |
| Magnitka-Universitet | Basketball | ? | Men's Basketball Supreme League | 3rd | MGTU Sports Hall |
الجغرافيا
The city is located on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River.
Magnitogorsk was mentioned in the Blacksmith Institute's 2007 survey of the world's worst polluted cities, placed in the report's unranked list of the 25 most-polluted places outside the top ten. Pollutants include lead, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and other air pollutants. According to the local hospital, only 1% of all children living in the city are in good health. The Blacksmith Institute says that, according to a local newspaper report, "only 28% of infants born in 1992 were healthy, and only 27% had healthy mothers". However, according to Blacksmith Institute, plant managers have upgraded much of their equipment in recent years and emissions have been reduced by about 60%.[11]
Climate
Magnitogorsk has a distinct four-season humid continental climate[12] (Dfb) with relatively severe winters for the latitude. This climate type is typical for southerly Russian areas far from large bodies of water. The average July high is around 25 °C (77 °F) with lows of 13 °C (55 °F) with January averages ranging from −10 °C (14 °F) in daytime high to −18 °C (0 °F) in average low.[13] Temperatures approaching 34 °C (93 °F) or above have been measured from May to September with real severe frosts below −36 °C (−33 °F) have been measured in all other months than that except transitional months April and October.[13]
| بيانات المناخ لـ Magnitogorsk (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | ينا | فب | مار | أبر | ماي | يون | يول | أغس | سبت | أكت | نوف | ديس | السنة |
| القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
39.1 (102.4) |
| متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) | −10.1 (13.8) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | −14.3 (6.3) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
| متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −42.8 (−45.0) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
| متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) | 20 (0.8) |
19 (0.7) |
23 (0.9) |
27 (1.1) |
31 (1.2) |
37 (1.5) |
56 (2.2) |
44 (1.7) |
25 (1.0) |
27 (1.1) |
24 (0.9) |
19 (0.7) |
352 (13.9) |
| متوسط عمق الثلج الكثيف cm (inches) | 17 (6.7) |
25 (9.8) |
23 (9.1) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
11 (4.3) |
25 (9.8) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 0.4 | 88 |
| متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) | 83 | 80 | 80 | 67 | 58 | 60 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 73 | 81 | 82 | 72 |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[14] | |||||||||||||
السكان
| السنة | تعداد | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1939 | 146٬000 | — |
| 1959 | 311٬101 | +113.1% |
| 1970 | 364٬209 | +17.1% |
| 1979 | 406٬074 | +11.5% |
| 1989 | 440٬321 | +8.4% |
| 2002 | 418٬545 | −4.9% |
| 2010 | 407٬775 | −2.6% |
| 2021 | 410٬594 | +0.7% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Ethnic composition (2010):.[15]
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 338,595 | 84.7% |
| Tatars | 20,433 | 5.2% |
| Bashkirs | 15,172 | 3.9% |
| Ukrainians | 6,101 | 1.6% |
| Kazakhs | 4,130 | 1.0% |
| Others | 13,883 | 3.6% |
Twin towns – sister cities
Magnitogorsk is twinned with:[16]
Notable people
- Evgeni Malkin (born 1986) - ice hockey player
- Ilya Samsonov (born 1997) - ice hockey player
- Vladilen Zakharov (born 1994) - ice hockey player
- Nikita Zhloba (born 1995) - ice hockey player
الأديان
المناخ
تتسم ماگنيتوگورسك بـمناخ قاري رطب تتميز فيه الفصول الأربع[17] (Dfb) مشابه لمناخ سهول أمريكا الشمالية بمواسم صيف أدفأ من المناخ دون القطبي (Dfc)، ولكن بشتاءات أقسى نسبياً لخط العرض. هذا النوع من المناخ هو نمطي للمناطق الروسية الجنوبية البعيدة عن المسطحات المائية الكبيرة. The average July high is around 25 °C (77 °F) with lows of 13 °C (55 °F) with January averages ranging from −10 °C (14 °F) in daytime high to −18 °C (0 °F) in average low.[13] Temperatures approaching 34 °C (93 °F) or above have been measured from May to September with real severe frosts below −36 °C (−33 °F) have been measured in all other months than that except transitional months April and October.[13]
| بيانات المناخ لـ ماگنيتوگورسك | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | ينا | فب | مار | أبر | ماي | يون | يول | أغس | سبت | أكت | نوف | ديس | السنة |
| القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) | 3.0 (37.4) |
5.6 (42.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
33.9 (93.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
| متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) | −10.0 (14.0) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | −14.1 (6.6) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
| متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) | −18.3 (−0.9) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −42.6 (−44.7) |
−46.1 (−51.0) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−46.1 (−51.0) |
| متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
14 (0.6) |
18 (0.7) |
27 (1.1) |
33 (1.3) |
39 (1.5) |
60 (2.4) |
48 (1.9) |
27 (1.1) |
24 (0.9) |
23 (0.9) |
21 (0.8) |
353 (13.9) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 0.4 | 88 |
| متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) | 83 | 80 | 80 | 67 | 58 | 60 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 73 | 81 | 82 | 72 |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[14] | |||||||||||||
البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة
آتيراو، قزخستان
براندنبورگ آن در هافل، ألمانيا
داوگاڤپيلس، لاتڤيا
گومل، بلاروس
هوايآن، الصين
ببليوجرافيا
- Scott, John, Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel, Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-20536-0
- Degtyarev A. G., Letopis' gory Magnitnoy i goroda Magnitogorska, 1993.
The book is about Magnitogorsk, its history and natural resources
مصدران ممتازان هما كتابا أستاذ جامعة پرنستون البروفسور ستيفن كوتكن. Steeltown, USSR provides a detailed look into Gorbachev era society through a detailed look at all aspects of everyday life in Magnitogorsk. Magnetic Mountain provides a detailed account of the construction of Magnitogorsk and its development through the reign of Stalin.
الهامش
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Resolution #161
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
- ^ Ball, Alan M. (April 2, 2018). Imagining America: Influence and Images in Twentieth-century Russia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742527935. Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Magnetic Mountain". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). June 17, 2015. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ McCollough, J. Brady (February 8, 2014). "Evgeni Malkin: A Russian tale with roots founded in ice and iron". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
- ^ "In Stalin's City of Steel, Change Confronts Inertia". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). August 16, 1988. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ "Спасательная операция на месте обрушения подъезда в Магнитогорске завершена. (Rescue operation at the site of the entrance collapse in Magnitogorsk completed)". Interfax.ru (in الروسية). January 3, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
- ^ INRIX. "Magnitogorsk's Scorecard Report". INRIX - INRIX. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ The World's Worst Polluted Places: The Top Ten, Blacksmith Institute, September 2007
- ^ "Magnitogorsk, Russia Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
- ^ أ ب ت ث "Magnitogorsk, Russia Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 28, 2014. خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صالح؛ الاسم "Weatherbase" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. - ^ أ ب "Weather and Climate - The Climate of Magnitogorsk" (in الروسية). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 8, 2021. خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صالح؛ الاسم "pogoda" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. - ^ "Наиболее многочисленные национальности" (PDF). Rosstat. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". magnitogorsk.ru (in الروسية). Magnitogorsk. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
- ^ "Magnitogorsk, Russia Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". magnitogorsk.ru (in الروسية). Magnitogorsk. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
وصلات خارجية
- City Magnitogorsk (بالروسية)
- Maps (بالروسية)
- http://magnitka.clink.ru the official website of Magnitogorsk
- http://macalester.edu/courses/geog61/aritz/magnitogorsk.html Macalester College site about Magnitogorsk
- Magnitogorsk and Vicinity (Abzakovo, Bannoe)
- The Soviet Steel City at Magnitogorsk
مدن وبلدات في اوبلاست چليابنسك | |||
|---|---|---|---|
المركز الاداري: چليابنسك | |||
 | آشا · باكال · Chebarkul · قرةباش · كارتالي · كاسلي · Katav-Ivanovsk · Kopeysk · كوركينو · كوسا · كيشتيم · ماگنتوگورسك · مياس · منيار · نيازهپتروڤسك · اوزيورسك · پلاست · ساتكا · سيم · Snezhinsk · ترويتسك · تريوخگورني · Ust-Katav · ڤرخنهاورالسك · ڤرخني اوفالي · يمانژلنسك · Yuryuzan · يوژنواورالسك · Zlatoust
|  | |
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- Articles with روسية-language sources (ru)
- CS1 الإنجليزية الأمريكية-language sources (en-us)
- CS1 الروسية-language sources (ru)
- Short description matches Wikidata
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map
- Articles containing روسية-language text
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Cities and towns in Chelyabinsk Oblast
- مدن اشتراكية مخططة
- مدن وبلدات في أوبلاست چليابنسك
- مدن وبلدات أنشئت في الاتحاد السوڤيتي
- صفحات مع الخرائط