المعرفة

جوهر بحرو

(تم التحويل من Johor Bahru)
هذا المقال هو عن the city. إذا كنت تريد the district، انظر Johor Bahru District. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر جوهر بحرو (توضيح).

جوهر بهرو مدينة ماليزيا وعاصمة ولاية جوهر. It is located along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia. The city has a population of 663,307 within an area of 220 km2. Johor Bahru is adjacent to the city of Iskandar Puteri, both anchoring Malaysia's third largest urban agglomeration, Iskandar Malaysia, with a population of 1,638,219.[4][5]

Johor Bahru
City and state capital
City of Johor Bahru
Bandaraya Johor Bahru
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Other
 • Jawiجوهر بهرو
 • Chinese新山
 • Tamilஜொஹோர் பாரு
From top, left to right:
Downtown skyline at night, Johor Causeway and Johor Bahru Sentral the transport hub in Southern Integrated Gateway, Tebrau Highway leading on to city centre, Forest City (Hutan Bandar) Recreational Park, Danga Bay Recreational Park, the Sultan Ibrahim Building, the Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque, and the Figure Museum
علم Johor Bahru
Flag
الشعار الرسمي لـ Johor Bahru
Emblem
الكنية: 
JB,
Bandaraya Selatan (Southern City)
الشعار: 
Johor Bahru Bandar Raya Bertaraf Antarabangsa, Berbudaya dan Lestari (إنگليزية: Johor Bahru, an International, Cultural and Sustainable City)
Location of Johor Bahru in Johor
Johor Bahru is located in ماليزيا
Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru
   Johor Bahru in    Malaysia
Johor Bahru is located in آسيا
Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru (آسيا)
Johor Bahru is located in الأرض
Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru (الأرض)
الإحداثيات: 01°27′20″N 103°45′40″E / 1.45556°N 103.76111°E / 1.45556; 103.76111Coordinates: 01°27′20″N 103°45′40″E / 1.45556°N 103.76111°E / 1.45556; 103.76111
Country ماليزيا
State جوهر دار التعظيم
DistrictJohor Bahru
Administrative areas
Founded10 March 1855
(as Tanjung Puteri)
Municipality status1 April 1977
City status1 January 1994
الحكومة
 • الكيانJohor Bahru City Council
 • MayorDato' Haji Adib Azhari Bin Daud
المساحة
[1]
 • City and state capital220٫00 كم² (84٫94 ميل²)
 • الحضر
1٬064 كم² (411 ميل²)
 • العمران
2٬217 كم² (856 ميل²)
المنسوب
[2]
32 m (105 ft)
التعداد
 (2010)[3]
 • City and state capital663٬307
 • الكثافة2٬259/km2 (5٬850/sq mi)
 • Urban
1٬277٬244 (3rd)
 • الكثافة الحضرية1٬200/km2 (3٬000/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
1٬805٬000
 • الكثافة العمرانية814/km2 (2٬110/sq mi)
صفة المواطنJohor Bahruans
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (MST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+8 (Not observed)
Postal code
80xxx to 81xxx
Area code(s)07
Vehicle registrationJ
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.mbjb.gov.my

Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 as Tanjung Puteri when the Sultanate of Johor came under the influence of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim. The area was renamed "Johore Bahru" in 1862 and became the capital of the Sultanate when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah.[6]

During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar, there was development and modernisation within the city; with the construction of administrative buildings, schools, religious buildings, and railways connecting to Woodlands in Singapore. Johor Bahru was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945. Johor Bahru became the cradle of Malay nationalism after the war and gave birth to a political party named United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994.

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أصل الاسم

The present area of Johor Bahru was originally known as Tanjung Puteri, and was a fishing village of the Malays. Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim then renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri once he arrived in the area in 1858 after acquiring the territory from Sultan Ali;[7] before it was renamed Johor Bahru by Sultan Abu Bakar following the Temenggong's death.[6] (The suffix "Bah(a)ru" means "new" in Malay, normally written "baru" in standard spelling today but appearing with several variants in place names, such as Kota Bharu and Indonesian Pekanbaru.) The British preferred to spell its name as Johore Bahru or Johore Bharu,[8] but the current accepted western spelling is Johor Bahru, as Johore is only spelt Johor (without the letter "e" at the end of the word) in the Malay language.[9][10] The city is also spelt as Johor Baru or Johor Baharu.[11][12]

The city was also once known as "Little Swatow (Shantou)" by the Chinese community in Johor Bahru, as most of Johor Bahru's Chinese residents are Teochew people whose ancestry can be traced back to Shantou, China. They arrived in the mid 19th century, during the reign of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.[13]


التاريخ

 
Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, founder of Tanjung Puteri, which he renamed Iskandar Puteri (present-day Johor Bahru)

Due to a dispute between the Malays and the Bugis, the Johor-Riau Sultanate was split in 1819 with the mainland Johor Sultanate came under the control of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim while the Riau-Lingga Sultanate came under the control of the Bugis.[14][15] The Temenggong intended to create a new administration centre for the Johor Sultanate to create a dynasty under the entity of Temenggong.[16] As the Temenggong already had a close relationship with the British and the British intended to have control over trade activities in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Sultan Ali and Temenggong Ibrahim in Singapore on 10 March 1855.[17] According to the treaty, Ali would be crowned as the Sultan of Johor and receive $5,000 (in Spanish dollars) with an allowance of $500 per month.[18] In return, Ali was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except Kesang of Muar which would be the only territory under his control) to Temenggong Ibrahim.[18] When both sides agreed on Temenggong acquiring the territory, he renamed it Iskandar Puteri and began to administer it from Telok Blangah in Singapore.[6]

As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, Temenggong encouraged the migration of Chinese and Javanese to clear the land and to develop an agricultural economy in Johor.[19] The Chinese planted the area with black pepper and gambier,[20] while the Javanese dug parit (canals) to drain water from the land, build roads and plant coconuts.[21] During this time, a Chinese businessman, pepper and gambier cultivator, Wong Ah Fook arrived; at the same time, Kangchu and Javanese labour contract systems were introduced by the Chinese and Javanese communities.[19][22][23] After Temenggong's death on 31 January 1862, the town was renamed "Johor Bahru" and his position was succeeded by his son, Abu Bakar, with the administration centre in Telok Blangah being moved to the area in 1889.[6]

 
Sultan Abu Bakar, recognised as the founder of the modern city of Johor Bahru[19]

الادارة البريطانية

 
Segget River at the junction of Wong Ah Fook Street and Ungku Puan Street in Johor Bahru, 1920ح. 1920.

In the first phase of Abu Bakar's administration, the British only recognised him as a maharaja rather than a sultan. In 1855, the British Colonial Office began to recognise his status as a Sultan after he met Queen Victoria.[24] He managed to regain Kesang territory for Johor after a civil war with the aid of British forces and he boosted the town's infrastructure and agricultural economy.[24][25] Infrastructure such as the State Mosque and Royal Palace was built with the aid of Wong Ah Fook, who had become a close patron for the Sultan since his migration during the Temenggong reign.[26] As the Johor-British relationship improved, Abu Bakar also set up his administration under a British style and implemented a constitution known as Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Constitution).[24] Although the British had long been advisers for the Sultanate of Johor, the Sultanate never came under direct colonial rule of the British.[27] The direct colonial rule only came into effect when the status of the adviser was elevated to a status similar to that of a Resident in the Federated Malay States (FMS) during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim in 1914.[28]

In Johor Bahru, the Malay Peninsula railway extension was finished in 1909,[29] and in 1923 the Johor–Singapore Causeway was completed.[30] Johor Bahru developed at a modest rate between the First and Second World Wars. The secretariat building—Sultan Ibrahim Building—was completed in 1940 as the British colonial government attempted to streamline the state's administration.[31]

الحرب العالمية الثانية

 
Japanese troops crouch in the street of Johor Bahru in the final stages of the Battle of Malaya to conquer Singapore: image taken on 31 January 1942.

بعد الاستقلال

 
Sultan Abu Bakar mosque at night

After the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,[32] Johor Bahru continued as the state capital and more development was carried out, with the town's expansion and the construction of more new townships and industrial estates. The Indonesian confrontation did not directly affect Johor Bahru as the main Indonesian landing point in Johor was in Labis and Tenang in Segamat District as well Pontian District.[33][34] There is only one active Indonesian spy organisation in the town, known as Gerakan Ekonomi Melayu Indonesia (GEMI). They frequently engaged with the Indonesian communities living there to contribute information for Indonesian commandos until the bombing of the MacDonald House in Singapore in 1965.[35][note 1] By the early 1990s, the town had considerably expanded in size, and was officially granted a city status on 1 January 1994.[36] Johor Bahru City Council was formed and the city's current main square, Dataran Bandaraya Johor Bahru, was constructed to commemorate the event. A central business district was developed in the centre of the city from the mid-1990s in the area around Wong Ah Fook Street. The state and federal government channelled considerable funds for the development of the city—particularly more so after 2006, when the Iskandar Malaysia was formed.[37][38] However, more than 10 years of unbridled building construction in Iskandar, especially of higher end high-rise apartments and commercial property, has led to a serious glut of such property in the region. Occupancy of high-rise accommodation has been predicted to fall to 50 percent, and commercial property to 65 percent, by the end of 2019 due to continued incoming supply.[39]


الحوكمة

 
The Sultan Ibrahim Building, the state secretariat's office in Johor Bahru



الجغرافيا

 
 
Johor Bahru
 
 
 
class=notpageimage|
Locations of Johor Bahru and its suburbs

Johor Bahru is located along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia.[40] Originally, the city area was only 12.12 km2 (4.68 sq mi) in 1933 before been expanded to over 220 km2 (85 sq mi) in 2000.[1]


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Climate

 
Tropical rainforest near the city, features an equatorial climate.

The city has an equatorial climate with consistent temperatures, a considerable amount of rain, and high humidity throughout the course of the year. An equatorial climate is a tropical rainforest climate more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and with no cyclone. Daily average temperatures range from 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in April with an average annual rainfall of around 2,350 mm (93 in).[41] The wettest months, with 19 to 25 percent more rain than average, are April, November and December.[42] Although the climate is relatively uniform, it does show some seasonal variation due to the effects of monsoons, with noticeable changes in wind speed and direction, cloud cover and amount of rainfall. There are two monsoon periods each year, the first one between mid-October and January, which is the north-east Monsoon. This period is characterised by heavier rainfall and wind from the north-east. The second one is the south-west Monsoon, which hardly affects the rainfall in Johor Bahru, where winds are from the south and south-west. This occurs between June and September.[43]

بيانات مناخ Johor Bahru (1974–2000)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 31.0
(87.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.8
(91) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31٫8
(89٫2)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 21.9
(71.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22٫5
(72٫5)
سقوط الأمطار mm (inches) 162.6
(6.402) 		139.8
(5.504) 		203.4
(8.008) 		232.8
(9.165) 		215.3
(8.476) 		148.1
(5.831) 		177.0
(6.969) 		185.9
(7.319) 		190.8
(7.512) 		217.7
(8.571) 		237.6
(9.354) 		244.5
(9.626) 		2٬355٫5
(92٫736)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 9 13 15 15 12 13 13 13 16 17 15 162
Source: World Meteorological Organisation[42]

المدينة

 
Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple was built by the first Chinese pioneers.
 
Terbrau Highway, Johor Bahru
 
The Johor-Singapore Causeway connects Johor Baru (pictured) to Woodlands, Singapore.


الاقتصاد

 
Johor Bahru as the economic centre of Johor.

Johor Bahru is one of the fastest-growing cities in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.[44]It is the main commercial centre for Johor and is located in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle. Tertiary-based industry dominates the economy with many international tourists from the regions visiting the city.[44][45][46] It is the centre of financial services, commerce and retail, arts and culture, hospitality, urban tourism, plastic manufacturing, electrical and electronics and food processing.[47] The main shopping districts are located within the city, with a number of large shopping malls located in the suburbs. Johor Bahru is the location of numerous conferences, congress and trade fairs, such as the Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing and the World Islamic Economic Forum.[48][49] The city is the first in Malaysia to practise a low-carbon economy.[50]

 
Persada Johor International Convention Centre

The city has a very close economic relationship with Singapore. There are around 3,000 logistic lorries crossing between Johor Bahru and Singapore every day for delivering goods between the two sides for trading activities.[51] Many residents in Singapore frequently visit the city during the weekends; some of them have also chosen to live in the city.[44][45][46][52][53] Many of the city's residents work in Singapore.[54][55] In 2014, the sudden change by the Sultan of Johor of weekend rest days from Saturday and Sunday to Friday and Saturday had a relatively small impact to the city economy, with business especially affected. However, it could boost the tourism industry, since shops can now open on Sunday, attracting more tourists from Singapore.[56]

العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia

Several countries have set up their consulates in Johor Bahru, including Indonesia[57] and Singapore, while Japan has closed its consular office since 2014.[58]

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

Johor Bahru currently has seven sister cities:


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أنظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Another early attack to destabilise Malaysia was done with the murder of Malay trishaw in Singapore that led to the racial conflict between Malay and Chinese there. At the first stage of the conflict, it was alleged the murder was done by a Chinese but this was however turned down when further investigation revealed the murder was actually done by Indonesian agents who had infiltrate Singapore in an attempt to weakening the unity of race there during the state was still part of Malaysia. (Drysdale, Halim and Jamie)

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

 
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Johor Bahru.

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