المعرفة

السيدة الأولى للولايات المتحدة

(تم التحويل من First Lady of the United States)
لمعلومات عن a complete list tite of the first ladies، انظر List of first ladies of the United States.
"FLOTUS" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the Lambchop album، انظر FLOTUS (album).

The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States.[1] Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House.

First Lady the United States
Jill Biden First Lady official portrait (cropped).jpg
الحالي
Jill Biden
منذ January 20, 2021
الأسلوبDr. Biden
Madam First Lady
الاختصارFLOTUS
المقرWhite House
الشاغل الافتتاحيMartha Washington
التشكل30 أبريل 1789;
منذ 234 سنة (1789-04-30
الموقع الإلكترونيWhiteHouse.gov

Jill Biden is the current first lady of the United States, as wife of the 46th president of the United States, Joe Biden.

While the title was not in general use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first U.S. president (1789–1797), is considered to be the inaugural first lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as "Lady Washington".[2]

Since the 1790s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. As first ladies now typically publish their memoirs, which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands' administrations, and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right, first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands' terms of office have ended.[1] Additionally, over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors, from fashion to public opinion on policy. Historically, should a president be unmarried or a widower the president usually asks a relative to act as White House hostess.

اعتبارا من 2021, there are five living former first ladies: Rosalynn Carter (wife of Jimmy Carter), Hillary Clinton (wife of Bill Clinton), Laura Bush (wife of George W. Bush), Michelle Obama (wife of Barack Obama), and Melania Trump (wife of Donald Trump).

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Origins of the title

 
Martha Washington, who was referred to as "Lady Washington" during her husband's presidency, circa 1825; the painting hangs at the National Portrait Gallery.

The use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as "Lady", "Mrs. President" and "Mrs. Presidentress"; Martha Washington was often referred to as "Lady Washington". One of the earliest uses of the term "First Lady" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the St. Johnsbury Caledonian, the author, "Mrs. Sigourney", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion."[3]

 
Dolley Madison was said to be the first wife of a president to be referred to as "First Lady" (at her funeral in 1849).

Dolley Madison was reportedly referred to as first lady in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President Zachary Taylor; however, no written record of this eulogy exists, nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title.[4] Sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D.C., social circles. One of the earliest known written examples comes from November 3, 1863, diary entry of William Howard Russell, in which he referred to gossip about "the First Lady in the Land", referring to Mary Todd Lincoln. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as "the First Lady of the Land" while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes. The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, popularized the title further. By the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the title later spread from the United States to other nations.

When Edith Wilson took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one Republican senator labeled her "the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man".[5]

According to the Nexis database, FLOTUS (which is pronounced FLOW-tus, to rhyme with POTUS, and not FLOT-tus) was first used in 1983 by Donnie Radcliffe, writing in The Washington Post.[6][7]


Non-spouses in the role

Several women (at least thirteen) who were not presidents' wives have served as first lady, as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady herself. In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative of the president, such as Jefferson's daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph, Jackson's daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson and his wife's niece Emily Donelson, Taylor's daughter Mary Elizabeth Bliss, Benjamin Harrison's daughter Mary Harrison McKee, Buchanan's niece Harriet Lane, and Cleveland's sister Rose Cleveland.

Potential male title

Each of the 46 presidents of the United States have been male, all of whom have either had their wives, or a female hostess, assume the role of First Lady. Thus, a male equivalent for the title of first lady has never been needed. However, in 2016, as Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a major party's presidential nomination, questions were raised as to what her husband Bill would be titled if she were to win the presidency. During the campaign, the title of First Gentleman of the United States was most frequently suggested for Bill Clinton, although as a former president himself, he may be called "Mr. President".[8] In addition, state governors' male spouses are typically called the First Gentleman of their respective state (for example, Michael Haley was the First Gentleman of South Carolina while his wife, Nikki, served as governor).[9] Ultimately, Hillary Clinton lost the election, rendering this a moot point.

In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman to hold a nationally elected office when she took office as vice president, making her husband Doug Emhoff the first male spouse of a nationally elected officeholder. Emhoff assumed the title of Second Gentleman of the United States ("gentleman" replacing "lady" in the title) making it likely that any future male spouse of a president will be given the title of First Gentleman.[10]

Role

 
First Lady Barbara Bush, joined by Missouri governor John Ashcroft, with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush, who championed literacy as first lady, is reading Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.

The position of the first lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society.[11] The role of the first lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House.[11] She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).[12]

Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with opportunities to play backstage political roles.[13] Both Martha Washington and Abigail Adams were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court.[11]

Dolley Madison popularized the first ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every first lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s.[11] Roosevelt traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show.[14] Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.[15]

 
First ladies (from left to right) Rosalynn Carter, Sen. Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush and first lady Laura Bush at the opening of the Clinton Presidential Center in 2004

Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters.[11] Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president.[11]

Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the first lady to hire a staff to support these activities. Lady Bird Johnson pioneered environmental protection and beautification.[16] Pat Nixon encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad; Betty Ford supported women's rights; Rosalynn Carter aided those with mental disabilities; Nancy Reagan founded the Just Say No drug awareness campaign; Barbara Bush promoted literacy; Hillary Clinton sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.; Laura Bush supported women's rights groups, and encouraged childhood literacy.[11] Michelle Obama became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity;[17] and Melania Trump used her position to help children, including prevention of cyberbullying and support for those whose lives are affected by drugs.[18]

Since 1964, the incumbent and all living former first ladies are honorary members of the board of trustees of the National Cultural Center, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.[19]

Near the end of her husband's presidency, Clinton became the first first lady to seek political office, when she ran for United States Senate. During the campaign, her daughter Chelsea took over much of the first lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as junior senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned to become President Obama's secretary of state. Later, she was the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2016 election, but lost to Donald Trump.

Office of the First Lady

 
First ladies (from left to right) Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Hillary Clinton, Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush at the "National Garden Gala, A Tribute to America's First Ladies", May 11, 1994. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, absent due to illness, died a week after this photograph was taken.
للمزيد من المعلومات: Office of the First Lady of the United States

The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the first lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the Executive Office of the President.[20] When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady[21] and moved to Chappaqua, New York, to establish state residency.[22] She resumed her duties as first lady after winning her senatorial campaign,[23] and retained her duties as both first lady and a U.S. senator for the seventeen-day overlap before Bill Clinton's term came to an end.[24]

Despite the significant responsibilities usually handled by the first lady, she does not receive a salary.

Exhibitions and collections

Established in 1912, the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the Smithsonian Institution. The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women. Originally focused largely on fashion, the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society. In 2008, "First Ladies at the Smithsonian" opened at the National Museum of American History as part of its reopening year celebration. That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum's expanded exhibition on first ladies' history that opened on November 19, 2011. "The First Ladies" explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation. The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects, ranging from those of Martha Washington to Michelle Obama, and includes White House china, personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian's unique collection of first ladies' materials.[25]

 
Official portrait of Jacqueline Kennedy at the White House

Fashion influence

Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, for instance, became a global fashion icon: her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women, and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[26][27] Mamie Eisenhower was named one of the twelve best-dressed women in the country by the New York Dress Institute every year that she was First Lady. The "Mamie Look" involved a full-skirted dress, charm bracelets, pearls, little hats, and bobbed, banged hair.[28] Michelle Obama also received significant attention for her fashion choices: style writer Robin Givhan praised her in The Daily Beast, arguing that the First Lady's style had helped to enhance the public image of the office.[29]


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Causes and initiatives

 
First lady Melania Trump attending a "Be Best" rally with children

Since the mid-20th century, it became common for the First ladies to adopt specific causes to frequently speak about. It also became common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support her agenda. Recent causes of the First Lady are:

  • Eleanor Roosevelt; Women's rights, civil rights, and humanitarian efforts
  • Jacqueline Kennedy; White House restoration and the Arts
  • Lady Bird Johnson; Environmental protection and Beautification
  • Pat Nixon; Volunteerism
  • Betty Ford; Women's rights, Substance abuse
  • Rosalynn Carter; Mental health
  • Nancy Reagan; "Just Say No", drug awareness
  • Barbara Bush; Childhood literacy
  • Hillary Clinton; Healthcare in the United States
  • Laura Bush; Childhood literacy
  • Michelle Obama; "Let's Move!"; reducing childhood obesity
  • Melania Trump; "Be Best"; cyberbullying awareness
  • Jill Biden; "Joining Forces"; military families

Living former first ladies

اعتبارا من سبتمبر 2021, there are five living former first ladies, as identified below.

The most recent former first lady to pass away was Barbara Bush (served 1989–1993), on April 17, 2018, at the age of 92.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب Caroli, Betty Boyd. "First Lady: United States title". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on مايو 15, 2019. Retrieved سبتمبر 30, 2016.
  2. ^ Figueroa, Acton (يناير 1, 2003). Washington, Part 3. World Almanac Library. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8368-5162-5.
  3. ^ "Martha Washington". St. Johnsbury Caledonian. أغسطس 7, 1838. p. 1.
  4. ^ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 15, 2019. Retrieved مارس 1, 2007.
  5. ^ Creeden, Sharon (1999). In Full Bloom: Tales of Women in Their Prime. August House. p. 30. ISBN 9780874835762.
  6. ^ Safire, William (أكتوبر 12, 1997). "On Language; Potus And Flotus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 9, 2018.
  7. ^ "FLOTUS". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  8. ^ "US election: What will Bill Clinton's title be if Hillary wins the presidency?". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). أكتوبر 29, 2016. Retrieved مايو 15, 2021.
  9. ^ THOMPSON, KRISSAH. "What happens when a man takes over role of first lady?". delawareonline.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved مايو 15, 2021.
  10. ^ "Poised To Be America's 1st Second Gentleman, Doug Emhoff Shakes Up Gender Stereotypes". NPR.org (in الإنجليزية). National Public Radio. نوفمبر 25, 2020.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (سبتمبر 26, 2008). "The Role of the First Lady". America.gov. Archived from the original on مايو 10, 2009. Retrieved مايو 4, 2009.
  12. ^ Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3.
  13. ^ Shields, David S. & Teute, Fredrika J. (2015). "The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women's Domain in the Public Sphere". Journal of the Early Republic. 35 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1353/jer.2015.0033. S2CID 144440598.
  14. ^ O'Farrell, Brigid (2010). She was one of us: Eleanor Roosevelt and the American worker. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.[صفحة مطلوبة]
  15. ^ Troy, Gil (2001). "Jacqueline Kennedy's White House renovations". White House Studies. 1 (3): 395–404.
  16. ^ Gould, Lewis L. (1988). Lady Bird Johnson and the environment. University Press of Kansas.[استشهاد ناقص]
  17. ^ "Michelle Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved مايو 4, 2010 – via National Archives.
  18. ^ Superville, Darlene (أكتوبر 9, 2017). "Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved نوفمبر 8, 2017.
  19. ^ "The Kennedy Center: Board of Trustees". Retrieved نوفمبر 4, 2014.
  20. ^ "Executive Office of the President". whitehouse.gov. ديسمبر 23, 2014 – via National Archives.
  21. ^ "Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move".
  22. ^ "Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker". The New York Times. نوفمبر 24, 1999.
  23. ^ "The Race Won, the Senator-Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House". The New York Times. نوفمبر 10, 2000.
  24. ^ "A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath". The New York Times. يناير 4, 2001.
  25. ^ "The First Ladies". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on أغسطس 19, 2012. Retrieved أبريل 4, 2012.
  26. ^ "World's Best Dressed Women". The International Hall of Fame: Women. Vanity Fair. 1965. Archived from the original on يوليو 12, 2013. Retrieved فبراير 15, 2012.
  27. ^ Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style: The Best of the Best Dressed List. New York, NY: Assouline. pp. 64–69, 90. ISBN 2-84323-513-8.
  28. ^ Sibley, Katherine A. S. (مارس 14, 2016). A Companion to First Ladies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118732182.
  29. ^ Givhan, Robin (2012). "First Lady Fashion Fatigue". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on يناير 18, 2017. Retrieved أكتوبر 30, 2014.
  30. ^ "Former first lady Barbara Bush dies at age 92". ABC News.

Further reading

انظر أيضاً: Bibliography of United States Presidential Spouses


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:First Ladies and Gentlemen

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