المعرفة

دوغرلاند

(تم التحويل من Doggerland)

دوگرلاند Doggerland كانت مساحة من الأرض في شمال أوروپا، يغمرها الآن بحر الشمال، وكانت تصل بريطانيا بـأوروپا القارية. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6500–6200 BCE. The flooded land is known as the Dogger Littoral.[1] Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from what is now the east coast of Great Britain to what is now the Netherlands, the western coast of Germany and the Danish peninsula of Jutland.[2] It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period,[3] although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low-lying islands before its final submergence, possibly following a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide.[4] Doggerland was named after the Dogger Bank, which in turn was named after 17th-century Dutch fishing boats called doggers.[5]

A map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 10,000 BCE), which connected Great Britain and continental Europe

The archaeological potential of the area was first identified in the early 20th century, and interest intensified in 1931 when a fishing trawler operating east of the Wash dragged up a barbed antler point that was subsequently dated to a time when the area was tundra. Vessels have since dragged up remains of mammoths, lions and other animals, and a few prehistoric tools and weapons.[6]

اعتبارا من 2020 international teams are continuing a two-year investigation into the submerged landscape of Doggerland using new and traditional archaeo-geophysical techniques, computer simulation, and molecular biology. Evidence gathered allows study of past environments, ecological change, and human transition from hunter-gatherer to farming communities.[7]

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التشكل

 
A map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland from now back to the Weichselian glaciation

Until the middle Pleistocene, Great Britain was a peninsula of Europe, connected by the massive chalk Weald–Artois Anticline across the Strait of Dover. During the Anglian glaciation, about 450,000 years ago, an ice sheet filled much of the North Sea, with a large proglacial lake in the southern part fed by the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Thames. The catastrophic overflow of this lake carved a channel through the anticline, leading to the formation of the Channel River, which carried the combined waters of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Thames to the Atlantic. This probably created the potential for Great Britain to become isolated from the continent during periods of high sea level, although some scientists argue that the final break did not occur until a second ice-dammed lake overflowed during the MIS8 or MIS6 glaciations, around 340,000 or 240,000 years ago.[8] Kim Cohen and Marc Hijma date the final destruction of the Weald–Artois Anticline to the severe Saalian Glaciation, which reached its peak around 160,000 years ago, and ended with a second meltwater lake around 130,000 years ago.[9]

During the most recent glaciation of the Last Glacial Maximum, the North Sea and much of the British Isles were covered with glacial ice, and the sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower. The climate later became warmer, and around 12,000 BCE, Great Britain, as well as much of the North Sea and the English Channel, was an expanse of low-lying tundra.[10]

Evidence, including the contours of the present seabed, indicates that after the first main Ice Age the watershed between the North Sea and the English Channel extended east from East Anglia, then southeast to the Hook of Holland, rather than across the Strait of Dover. The Seine, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt and the Rhine joined and flowed west along the English Channel as a wide slow river before eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean.[3][10] In about 10,000 BCE the north-facing coastal area of Doggerland had a coastline of lagoons, saltmarshes, mudflats and beaches as well as inland streams, rivers, marshes and lakes. It may have been the richest hunting, fowling and fishing ground in Europe in the Mesolithic period.[3][11]

One large river system found by a 3D seismic survey, undertaken by the Birmingham "North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project", drained the southeastern part of the Dogger Bank hill area into the east end of the Outer Silver Pit lake. It has been named the Shotton River after the Birmingham geologist Frederick William Shotton.


Disappearance

 
The red line marks Dogger Bank, which is most likely a moraine formed in the Pleistocene.[12]

As ice melted at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, sea levels rose and the land began to tilt in an isostatic adjustment as the huge weight of ice lessened. Doggerland eventually became submerged, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BCE.[10][13] The Dogger Bank, an upland area of Doggerland, remained an island until at least 5000 BCE.[10][13] Key stages are now believed to have included the gradual evolution of a large tidal bay between eastern England and Dogger Bank by 9000 BCE and a rapid sea level rise thereafter, leading to Dogger Bank becoming an island and Britain becoming physically disconnected from the continent.[14]

A recent hypothesis suggests that around 6200 BCE much of the remaining coastal land was flooded by a tsunami caused by a submarine landslide off the coast of Norway known as the Storegga Slide. This suggests "that the Storegga Slide tsunami would have had a catastrophic impact on the contemporary coastal Mesolithic population ... Britain finally became separated from the continent and in cultural terms, the Mesolithic there goes its own way."[14] It is estimated that up to a quarter of the Mesolithic population of Britain lost their lives.[15] A study published in 2014 suggested that the only remaining parts of Doggerland at the time of the Storegga Slide were low-lying islands, but supported the view that the area had been abandoned at about the same time as the tsunamis.[4]

Another view speculates that the Storegga tsunami devastated Doggerland, but then ebbed back into the sea, and that later Lake Agassiz (in North America) burst, releasing so much fresh water that sea levels rose over about two years to flood much of Doggerland and make Great Britain an island.[16] The difference in distribution of broken shells between lower-lying and high-lying parts of the area also suggest survival of land after the Storegga tsunami.[17]

Discovery and investigation by archaeologists

 
A Woolly mammoth skull discovered by fishermen in the North Sea, at the Celtic and Prehistoric Museum, Ireland

The existence of what is now known as Doggerland was established in the late 19th century. The remains of plants brought to the surface from Dogger Bank were studied in 1913 by Clement Reid, and the remains of animals and worked flints from the Neolithic period had also been found.[18] In his book The Antiquity of Man of 1915, anatomist Sir Arthur Keith discussed the archaeological potential of the area.[18] In 1931, the trawler Colinda hauled up a lump of peat whilst fishing near the Ower Bank, 40 km (25 mi) east of Norfolk. The peat was found to contain a barbed antler point, possibly used as a harpoon or fish spear, 220 mm (8.5 in) long, which dated from between 10,000 and 4,000 BCE when the area was tundra.[3][11]

Interest was reinvigorated in the 1990s by Bryony Coles, who named the area "Doggerland" "after the great banks in the southern North Sea"[11] – and produced speculative maps of the area.[11][19] Although she recognised that the current relief of the southern North Sea seabed is not a sound guide to the topography of Doggerland,[19] this topography has more recently begun to be reconstructed more authoritatively using seismic survey data obtained from oil exploration.

Between 2003 and 2007, a team at the University of Birmingham led by Vince Gaffney and Ken Thomson mapped around 23,000 km2 (8,900 sq mi) of the Early Holocene landscape, using seismic data provided for research by Petroleum Geo-Services, as part of the work of the University of Birmingham North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project.[20] The results of this study were published as a technical monograph and a popular book on the history and archaeology of Doggerland.[21][22][23][24] Names have been given to some of its features: "The Spines" to a system of dunes above the broad "Shotton River", the upland area of the "Dogger Bank", a basin between two huge sandbanks called "The Outer Silver Pit".[25]

 
Early Holocene landscape features off the coast of the UK, mapped by the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project

A skull fragment of a Neanderthal, dated at over 40,000 years old, was recovered from material dredged from the Middeldiep, some 16 km (10 mi) off the coast of Zeeland, and exhibited in Leiden in 2009.[26] In March 2010, it was reported that recognition of the potential archaeological importance of the area could affect the future development of offshore wind farms.[27] In 2019, a flint flake partially covered in birch bark tar dredged up off the coast of the Netherlands provided valuable insight into Neanderthal technology and cognitive evolution.[28]

In 2012 the results of study of Doggerland by the universities of Birmingham, St Andrews, Dundee, and Aberdeen, including surveys of artefacts, were displayed at the Royal Society summer exhibition in London.[29] Richard Bates of St Andrews University said:[29]

We have speculated for years on the lost land's existence from bones dredged by fishermen all over the North Sea, but it's only since working with oil companies in the last few years that we have been able to re-create what this lost land looked like ... We have now been able to model its flora and fauna, build up a picture of the ancient people that lived there and begin to understand some of the dramatic events that subsequently changed the land, including the sea rising and a devastating tsunami.

Since 2015 the University of Bradford's Europe's Lost Frontiers[30] project has continued mapping the prehistoric landscapes of Doggerland and has used this data to direct a programme of extensive coring of marine palaeochannels. Sediment from the cores has provided sedimentary DNA as well as conventional environmental data and these will be used in a major computational modelling programme replicating colonisation of the submerged landscape.[31][32]

In 2019 a team of scientists from the University of Bradford and Ghent University found a hammerstone flint on the seabed 40 km (25 mi) off the coast of Cromer, Norfolk, from a depth of 32 m (105 ft), which could point to the existence of prehistoric settlements.[33][7]

An internationally significant early Middle Palaeolithic finds assemblage from the southern North Sea was also discovered through aggregate dredging off the coast of Norfolk. The cultural material was found to be associated with a floodplain deposit of the now submerged Palaeo-Yare river system.[34]

Ancient artefacts have been found by beachcombers in material dredged from the sea bottom 13 km (8.1 mi) offshore and spread on a Dutch beach in 2012, as a coastal protection measure.[35]

In media

  • The area was featured in a 2007 episode of the Channel 4 Time Team documentary series called "Britain's Drowned World".[36][أ] It was followed up in 2017 by "Britain's Stone Age Tsunami", investigating the Storegga Slide's effect on the land.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Technical advice for "Britain's Drowned World" was provided by Vincent Gaffney, co-author of Europe's Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland, and the presenter of the programme, Tony Robinson, wrote a foreword to the book.[37]

References

  1. ^ Bob Yirka (2 ديسمبر 2020). "Sediment cores from Dogger Littoral suggest Dogger Island survived ancient tsunami". phys.org. Retrieved 2 يناير 2021.
  2. ^ "The Doggerland Project", University of Exeter Department of Archaeology
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Patterson, W, "Coastal Catastrophe" (paleoclimate research document), University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 أبريل 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ أ ب Rincon, Paul (1 مايو 2014). "Prehistoric North Sea 'Atlantis' hit by 5m tsunami". BBC News.
  5. ^   Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dogger Bank" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 08 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 380 to 381. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ White, Mark J. (24 نوفمبر 2006). "Things to do in Doggerland when you're dead: Surviving OIS3 at the northwesternmost fringe of Middle Palaeolithic Europe" (PDF). World Archaeology. 38 (4): 547–575. doi:10.1080/00438240600963031. S2CID 51729868.
  7. ^ أ ب "The first archaeological artefacts found during the search for lost prehistoric settlements in the North Sea". University of Bradford (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 9 فبراير 2021.
  8. ^ Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012). The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 98–102, 277. ISBN 978-0-415-67455-3.
  9. ^ Cohen, Kim; Hijma, Marc (2022). "Ice, Rivers, Sea and Spectacle:Geological Variation in a Drowned Landscape". In Amkreutz, Luc; van der Vaart-Verschoof, Sasja (eds.). Doggerland: Lost World Under the North Sea. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone Press. pp. 32–33.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences Archived 9 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine, C1119 Modern human evolution, Lecture 6, slide 23
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث "Global Warming and Lost Lands: Understanding the Effects of Sea Level Rise | livebetter Magazine" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 9 فبراير 2021.
  12. ^ Stride, A.H (يناير 1959). "On the origin of the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea". Geological Magazine. 96 (1): 33–34. Bibcode:1959GeoM...96...33S. doi:10.1017/S0016756800059197. S2CID 128904893. Retrieved 12 يناير 2010.
  13. ^ أ ب Scarre, Chris (2005). The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-500-28531-2.
  14. ^ أ ب Bernhard Weninger et al., The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV, 2008
  15. ^ Keys, David (16 يوليو 2020). "How a giant tsunami devastated Britain's Atlantis". The Independent.
  16. ^ Britain's Stone Age Tsunami, Channel 4, 8 to 9 pm, Thursday 30 May 2013
  17. ^ James Walker; et al. (2020). "A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland?". Vol. 94, no. 378. Antiquity. pp. 1409–1425. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.49.
  18. ^ أ ب Keith, Arthur (15 أغسطس 2004). "3". The Antiquity of Man. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 81-7041-977-8. Retrieved 12 يناير 2010.
  19. ^ أ ب B.J. Coles. "Doggerland : a speculative survey (Doggerland : une prospection spéculative)", Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, ISSN 0079-497X, 1998, vol. 64, pp. 45–81 (3 p. 1/4)
  20. ^ North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project
  21. ^ Laura Spinney, "The lost world: Doggerland"
  22. ^ Vincent L. Gaffney; Kenneth Thomson; Simon Fitch, eds. (2007). Mapping Doggerland: The Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea. Archaeopress. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-905739-14-1.
  23. ^ Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch, David Smith, Europe's Lost World: The rediscovery of Doggerland, University of Birmingham, 2009
  24. ^ Fitch, S; Gaffney, V; K, Thomson (2007). "In Sight of Doggerland: From speculative survey to landscape exploration". Internet Archaeology (22). doi:10.11141/ia.22.3.
  25. ^ Robert Macfarlane (2012). The Old Ways. Penguin. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-141-03058-6.
  26. ^ Palarch: Spectacular discovery of first-ever Dutch Neanderthal Fossil skull fragment unveiled by Minister Plasterk in National Museum of Antiquities, 15 June 2009
  27. ^ Correspondent, Alister Doyle, Environment (23 مارس 2010). "Stone Age could complicate N.Sea wind farm plans". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 9 فبراير 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Niekus, Marcel J. L. Th.; Kozowyk, Paul R. B.; Langejans, Geeske H. J.; Ngan-Tillard, Dominique; van Keulen, Henk; van der Plicht, Johannes; Cohen, Kim M.; van Wingerden, Willy; van Os, Bertil; Smit, Bjørn I.; Amkreutz, Luc W. S. W. (21 أكتوبر 2019). "Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in الإنجليزية). 116 (44): 22081–22087. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622081N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907828116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6825292. PMID 31636186.
  29. ^ أ ب BBC News, "Hidden Doggerland underworld uncovered in North Sea", 3 July 2012. Accessed 4 July 2012
  30. ^ Frontiers, Europe's Lost. "Europe's Lost Frontiers". Europe's Lost Frontiers. Retrieved 9 فبراير 2021.
  31. ^ App, Team. "Lost Frontiers (Lost Frontiers) Home page – Lost Frontiers An Erc Research Project team/club based in University of Bradford, United Kingdom. | Team App". Lost Frontiers. Retrieved 8 مايو 2017.
  32. ^ Sarah Knapton (1 سبتمبر 2015). "British Atlantis: archaeologists begin exploring lost world of Doggerland". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 يناير 2022. Retrieved 2 سبتمبر 2015.
  33. ^ "Evidence of human life found under North Sea off Cromer". BBC News. 12 يونيو 2019.
  34. ^ Roberts, L; Hamel, A (2023). "The Submerged Palaeo-Yare: a review of Pleistocene landscapes and environments in the southern North Sea". Internet Archaeology (61). doi:10.11141/ia.61.8.
  35. ^ "Lost world revealed by human, Neanderthal relics washed up on North Sea beaches". 30 يناير 2020.
  36. ^ "Britain's drowned world: A Time Team Special". The Heritage Journal (in الإنجليزية). 26 يناير 2011. Retrieved 9 فبراير 2021.
  37. ^ Gaffney, Fitch & Smith 2009, p. foreword.

Further reading


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External links

قالب:Submerged landmasses

Coordinates: 52.°N 3°E / 52°N 3°E / 52; 3

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