حزام الانقلابات
حزام الانقلابات | |
|---|---|
مفهوم جيوسياسي يُطبق على أفريقيا | |
 البلدان الأفريقية التي شهدت انقلابات ناجحة بين عامي 2020 و2023. | |
| القارة | أفريقيا |
| البلدان | الساحل الأفريقي وغرب أفريقيا، بصفة خاصة: |
حزام الانقلابات (فرنسية: la ceinture de coups d'État[1]،إنگليزية: Coup Belt)، هو تعبير مستحدث ومفهوم جيوسياسي حديث يصف منطقة غرب أفريقيا، أفريقيا الوسطى، والساحل الأفريقي التي شهدت وتيرة كبيرة من الانقلابات.[2][3][4][5]
نظرة عامة
الأصول
Although likely older,[7][8] the term became popular in the 2020s after a string of coups in the early 2020s, including in Mali in 2020 and 2021,[9] Chad,[10] Guinea,[11] and Sudan[12] in 2021, two in Burkina Faso in January and September in 2022,[13][14] and in Niger and Gabon in 2023.[15][16] The region also saw attempted coups in Niger and Sudan in 2021, Guinea–Bissau and The Gambia in 2022, and Sudan and Sierra Leone in 2023.
After the 2023 Nigerien coup, these countries formed a continuous chain stretching between the east and west coasts of Africa.[10]
التاريخ
Since 1990, 78% of the 27 coups in sub-Saharan Africa have taken place in former French colonies. This has led some to question whether French influence in Africa has a destabilising impact.[17]
The military juntas of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger cancelled military agreements that allowed for French troops to operate on their territory, and in the case of Mali, removed French as an official language.[18][19][20]
Niger was meant to host the French troops removed from Mali and Burkina Faso[21] but the 2023 Nigerien crisis and cancellation of military ties with France has complicated this arrangement.[21][22]
ECOWAS has tried to actively work on changing this label that is associated with the region, although unsuccessfully; they suspended Mali after their coup in 2021,[23] and also suspended Guinea on 8 September 2021, shortly after a military coup took place in the country.[24][25]
The coups have been similar in nature; most came from dissatisfied militaries who criticised their respective government's handling of Islamic insurgents or protests.[بحاجة لمصدر] The incoming juntas also tend to have worse relations with the West, with many seeking support from either Russia and the Wagner Group or Turkey instead of France, who helped the countries fight against Islamic insurgents through Operation Barkhane.
ملخص الانقلابات في غرب ووسط أفريقيا ومنطقة الساحل
المصادر
- ^ Guibal, Claude (August 15, 2023). "Niger : en Afrique, la ceinture des coups d'État redessine la carte du continent". France Info. Retrieved August 16, 2023.}
- ^ Mekki Elmograbi (7 September 2021). "Guinea Joins the African Club of the "Coup Belt"". BL News.
- ^ Suleiman, Muhammad Dan (September 24, 2021). "Towards a Better Understanding of the Underlying Conditions of Coups in Africa". e-ir.info.com. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ "Africa's 'coup belt' facing further upheaval". Arab News. February 2, 2022.
- ^ Onuah, Felix (5 December 2022). "West African leaders plan peacekeeping force to counter 'coup belt' reputation". Reuters. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Duzor, Megan; Williamson, Brian (February 2, 2022). "By the Numbers: Coups in Africa". Voice of America. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ "Explainer: Niger a linchpin for stability in Africa's 'coup belt'". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2023-07-27. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- ^ Dyer, Gwynne (2022-02-07). "Opinion: The return of Africa's military 'Coup Belt'". Bangor Daily News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- ^ "After Two Coups, Mali Needs Regional Support to Bolster Democracy". United States Institute of Peace (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
- ^ أ ب Walsh, Declan (2023-07-29). "Coast to Coast, a Corridor of Coups Brings Turmoil in Africa". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
- ^ Duncan, Timothyna Afua (2021-12-16). "Why a coup in Guinea was felt around the world". CNBC (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
- ^ "Sudan's Coup: One Year Later". Council on Foreign Relations (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
- ^ "A timeline of the coup in Burkina Faso since January 2022". The Hindu (in الإنجليزية). 2022-10-03. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
- ^ "Burkina Faso's coup and political situation: All you need to know". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
- ^ "Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Dixon, Gary (2023-08-30). "Gabon closes shipping down after post-election coup". TradeWinds (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
- ^ Mbulle-Nziege, Leonard; Cheeseman, Nic (2023-08-06). "Niger coup: Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ Ndiaga, Thiam (2023-02-20). "Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). 16 August 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Avi-Yonah, Shera (2023-08-04). "Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move". The Washington Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ أ ب "Africanews | French forces make Niger new home after being expelled by Mali". Africanews (in الإنجليزية). 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ Leali, Giorgio (2023-08-04). "Niger junta revokes military pacts with France". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months". Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ^ Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (September 9, 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). "West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry". Reuters. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup," September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
- CS1 الإنجليزية البريطانية-language sources (en-gb)
- CS1 الإنجليزية الأمريكية-language sources (en-us)
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- وسط أفريقيا
- غرب أفريقيا
- الساحل الأفريقي
- جغرافيا سياسية
- عقد 2020 في السياسة
- مناطق الحزام
- انقلابات
- دكتاتوريات عسكرية