قرتيا

(تم التحويل من Cirta)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Sirte.
Cirta
Mosaique de sol avec le triomphe de Neptune et son épouse Amphitrite (Louvre, Ma 1880)1.jpg
Detail of Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite (315ح. 315-325), a vast Roman mosaic from Cirta. Now in the Louvre
قرتيا is located in الجزائر
قرتيا
كما يظهر في الجزائر
المكانAlgeria
المنطقةConstantine Province
الإحداثيات36°22′03″N 6°36′43″E / 36.3675°N 6.611944°E / 36.3675; 6.611944

قرتيا (أو كارتيا أو سيرتا Cirta) كانت مستعمرة صورية أسست لتكون مركز تجاريا فينيقيا. وهي أحد ضواحي مدينة قسنطينة الحالية على الساحل الجزائري. ثم أصبحت عاصمة مملكة نوميديا. وقد كانت مزدهرة جدا ومكتظة بالسكان فحين كان يسكن في أثينا الكلاسيكية 20,000 نسمة كان يسكن في قرتيا 4,000 آلاف نسمة وذلك يدل على أهميتها القديمة. وكلمة قرتيا تعني (القرية في اللغة الفينيقية) ولكنه تصغير لها . وقد كانت قرتيا تمتلك أسطولا كبيرا مكونا من 80 سفينة إستخدمها القرطاجيون في حصار جبل طارق وسده في وجه الغرباء.

"انتصار نپتون وأمفيتريت"، تفصيلة من فسيفساء رومانية شاسعة من قرتيا، وهي الآن في اللوڤر (ح. 315-325 م).
Cirta in Roman times was protected to the south and west by the "Limes romanus" called Fossatum Africae

وبالرغم من أن نوميديا كانت حليفة للجمهورية الرومانية أثناء الحروب البونيقية، فإن قرتيا تعرضت لعدة غزوات رومانية خلال القرنين الأول والثاني ق.م. وقد أصبحت ضمن الأملاك الرومانية في عهد يوليوس قيصر. وكانت عاصمة كونفدرالية المستعمرات الأربع - سيرتاقسنطينة، ميلاف ميلة، سيلو القل، روسيكادا سكيكدة في عهد الرومان.

المدينة تدمرت في القرن الرابع الميلادي، ثم أعاد بناءها قنسطنطين الأول، الامبراطور الروماني، الذي أعطى اسمه للمدينة الجديدة فصارت قسنطينة.

A number of significant archaeological finds have been found in the area, including a large corpus of Punic inscriptions, known as the Cirta steles.


Names

للمزيد من المعلومات: Maghreb placename etymology
A coin from Cirta, bearing the Neo-Punic legend krṭn

The town's Punic name krṭn[1][2] (𐤊𐤓𐤈𐤍, probably pronounced "Kirthan",[3] with a hard, breathy /tʰ/ sound) is probably not the Punic word meaning "town", which was written with a Q (i.e., qoph) rather than a K (kaph).[4] Instead, it is likely a Punic transcription of an existing Berber placename.[3] This was later Latinized as Cirta. Under Julius Caesar, the Sittian settlement was known as Respublica IIII Coloniarum Cirtensium;[5] Pliny also knew it as Cirta Sittianorum ("Cirta of the Sittians").[6] Under Augustus, in 27 or 30 BC, its official name was Colonia Julia Juvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta;[7] this was sometimes reduced to Cirta Julia ("Julian Cirta"),[8] 'Colonia Cirta or simply Cirta.[7] This name was rendered as Ancient Greek: Κίρτα, romanized: Kírta by the historians Diodorus Siculus, Polybius, Appian, Cassius Dio, and Procopius and by the geographers Ptolemy and Strabo.[9]

After its refounding as Constantina (لاتينية: Civitas Constantina Cirtensium) by Constantine the Great after AD 312, Cirta became known as Constantine.[10] Following its Muslim conquest, it was known as Qusantina.

History

Cirta in Roman times was protected to the south and west by the Roman limes, the Fossatum Africae
Cirta on the map of Roman Numidia[11]

Numidian Kingdom

Cirta was the capital of the Berber kingdom of Numidia, an important political, economic, and military site west of the mercantile empire run by the Phoenician settlement of Carthage to its east.

During the second of Rome's wars against Carthage, the 203 BC Battle of Cirta was a decisive victory for Scipio Africanus. The kingdom remained an independent Roman ally following the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War, but Roman commercial influence and political involvement grew.[12]

When King Micipsa died in 118 BC, a civil war broke out between the king's natural son Adherbal and his adoptive son Jugurtha. Adherbal appealed for Roman help and a senatorial commission brokered a seemingly successful division of the kingdom between the two heirs. Jugurtha followed this mediation, however, by besieging Cirta and killing both Adherbal and the Romans who defended him. Rome then prosecuted the Jugurthine War against his reunited Numidian state[12] to assert their hegemony over the region[بحاجة لمصدر] and to secure the protection of its citizens abroad.

As Cirta rebuilt in the 1st century BC, its population was quite diverse: native Numidians alongside Carthaginian refugees and Greek, Roman, and Italian merchants, bankers,[13] settlers, and army veterans.[14] This expatriate community made it an important business hub of Rome's African holdings, even while it remained technically outside the lands of the Roman Republic.[13]

Roman Empire

Cirta fell under direct Roman rule in 46 BC, following Julius Caesar's conquest of North Africa.[15] P. Sittius Nucerinus was chosen by Caesar to romanize the locals.[16] His men, the "Sittians" (Sittiani), were Campanian legionaries who controlled Cirta's lands on Rome's behalf.[5]

Together with the colonies at Rusicade, Milevum, and Chullu, their Cirta formed an autonomous territory within "New Africa": the Confederatio Cirtense. Its magistrates and municipal assembly were those of the confederation. Cirta administered fortifications (castella) in the High Plains and at the north end of the colonies: Castellum Mastarense, Elephantum, Tidditanorum, Cletianis, Thibilis, Sigus, and others.

In 27 and 26 BC,[16] the area's administration was restructured under Augustus, who split Cirta into communities (لاتينية: pagi) separating the Numidians from the Sittiani and other newly settled Romans.[17]

With the expansion of the Roman limes, this colony at Cirta was at the center of the most Romanized area of Roman Africa. It was protected by the Fossatum Africae stretching from Sitifis and Icosium (present-day Algiers) to Capsa on the Gulf of Gabès. Robin Daniel estimates that by the end of the 2nd century, Cirta had nearly 50,000 inhabitants.[18]

Cirta in 303 AD was the administrative capital of the newly created Numidia Cirtense, a small province -named from Cirta- made by emperor Diocletian in Roman Numidia in the last years of the third century.[19] Numidia was divided in two: Numidia Cirtensis (or Cirtense), with capital at Cirta, and Numidia Militiana ("Military Numidia"), with capital at the legionary base of Lambaesis.

The newly created province was enlarged in 310 AD by the emperor Constantine.

Christianity arrived early on: while little remains of African Christianity before AD 200, records of Christians martyred at Cirta existed by the mid-3rd century.[20] It became the chief town of an ecclesiastical district.[مطلوب توضيح] Around 305, the First Council of Cirta was held to elect a new bishop, accidentally precipitating the Donatist movement. After the dissolution of its confederation of colonies in the 4th century, Cirta recovered its role as a capital when it headed the territory of Numidia Cirtensis created under Diocletian: however, after some decades, Emperor Constantine the Great reunited the two provinces created in 303 (Cirtensis & Militiana) in a single one, administered from Cirta, which was renamed Constantina (modern Constantine).

Indeed, the city was destroyed after a siege by Rufius Volusianus, the praefectus praetorio of the augustus Maxentius; Maxentius's forces defeated the imperial claimant Domitius Alexander in 310.[10] Constantine the Great rebuilt under his own name after 312 and his own victory over Maxentius in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.[10] Constantine made Constantina the capital of all Roman Numidia.[21] In 320 the bishop of Cirta was accused of having handed over (لاتينية: traditio) Christian texts to the authorities during the Diocletianic Persecution, which had begun in 303 in Cirta.[22] The bishop Silvanus was a Donatist and was prosecuted in December 320 by Domitius Zenophilus, the consularis and proconsul of Africa; the records of the proceedings (commentarii) are preserved in the لاتينية: Gesta apud Zenophilum, lit. 'Deeds of Zenophilus', a text collected in the Optatan Appendix.[22][10][23] A cave for the practice of Mithraism also existed in the 4th century.[10]

In 412, Cirta was host to the Second Council of Cirta, overseen by St Augustine. According to Mommsen, Cirta was fully Latin-speaking and Christian by the time the Vandals arrived in AD 430.[24]

Under the emperor Justinian I, the city walls were reinforced and the city was named capital of its region with a resident commander (dux). Cirta was part of the Byzantine Africa from 534 to 697.

Islamic conquest

للمزيد من المعلومات: Islamic conquest of the Maghreb and Constantine, Algeria

During the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, Constantine was unsuccessfully defended by the Berber queen Kahina.[بحاجة لمصدر] Although many Roman, Byzantine, and Vandal cities were destroyed during the expansion of the Caliphate, Constantine survived in reduced form[25] with a small Christian community as late as the 10th century. The town's further development is detailed under the article Constantine.

الأساقفة

The bishopric of Cirta was venerable and prominent in the African church. Several of its bishops are known:

  • Paulus fl. 303–305 (Catholic)[26]
  • Siluanus 303–320[27][28]
  • Petilianus 354–422 (Donatist)[29]
  • Profutrus 391–397 (Catholic)
  • Fortunatus 401–425 (Catholic), attendee of the council of 411[30]
  • Delphinus 411 (Catholic)
  • Honoratus Antonius fl. 437 (Catholic)
  • Victor 484 (Catholic)

Today the town of Constantine is again the seat of a diocese.[31]

طالع أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Ghaki (2015), p. 67.
  2. ^ Head & al. (1911), p. 886.
  3. ^ أ ب "Cirta", Encyclopedie Berbère . (in فرنسية)
  4. ^ Mazard,[من؟] Corpus, n° 523-529.
  5. ^ أ ب Jacques Heurgon, "Les origines campaniennes de la Confédération cirtéenne"; François Bertrandy, "L'État de P. Sittius et la région de Cirta – Constantine (Algérie), Ier siècle avant J.-C. – Ier siècle après J.-C.", in L'Information historique, 1990, pp. 69-73.
  6. ^ Pliny, Natural History, Book V, sect. 22.
  7. ^ أ ب LOUIS, RENÉ. “A LA RECHERCHE DE ‘CIRTA REGIA’ CAPITALE DES ROIS NUMIDES.” Hommes Et Mondes, vol. 10, no. 39, 1949, pp. 276–287. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44207191. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020.
  8. ^ Joseph Bingham, Origines Ecclesiasticae, Volume 3 p11.
  9. ^ "Κίρτα - Cirta/Constantine, major city of Numidia, modern Constantine, Algeria". ToposText (topostext.org). Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Bockmann, Ralf (2018), Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (in en), Cirta, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-1078, retrieved on 2020-05-13 
  11. ^ Atlas Antiquus, H. Kiepert, 1869.
  12. ^ أ ب The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed., vol. 9, p. 29
  13. ^ أ ب The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed., vol. 9, p. 638
  14. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed., vol. 9, p. 28 London: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  15. ^ Roman History, Cassius Dio, vol. 43, ch. 9
  16. ^ أ ب Classical Gazetteer, page 321[Usurped!]
  17. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed., vol. 10, p. 607
  18. ^ Robin Daniel, History of Christianity in Roman Africa
  19. ^ [J. kuijck "Africa in late antiquity"; Radboud University. Nijmeden, 2016 (Map of Numidia Cirtensis p.9)
  20. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed., vol. 12, p. 585, 645
  21. ^ "General View, Constantine, Algeria". World Digital Library. 1899. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
  22. ^ أ ب Lunn-Rockliffe, Sophie (2018), Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (in en), Optatan Appendix, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3457, retrieved on 2020-05-13 
  23. ^ Corcoran, Simon (2018), Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (in en), Zenophilus, Domitius, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-5136, retrieved on 2020-05-13 
  24. ^ Theodore Mommsen. The Provinces of the Roman Empire Section:Africa
  25. ^ "CIRTA (Constantine) Algeria". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
  26. ^ Wace, Henry, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature (Delmarva Publications, Inc., 1911).
  27. ^ Wace, Henry, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature (Delmarva Publications, Inc., 1911).
  28. ^ Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World (Fortress Press , 1997) p79.
  29. ^ Wace, Henry, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature (Delmarva Publications, Inc., 1911).
  30. ^ Saint Augustine, Letters, Volume 2 (83–130) (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 18) letter 115.
  31. ^  هربرمان, تشارلز, ed. (1913). "Diocese of Constantine (Cirta)" . الموسوعة الكاثوليكية. Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1=, |coauthors=, and |month= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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