أرتسو

Coordinates: 43°27′48″N 11°52′42″E / 43.46333°N 11.87833°E / 43.46333; 11.87833
(تم التحويل من Arezzo)
لمعلومات عن the infantry division، انظر 53 Infantry Division Arezzo.
أرتسو
Arezzo
Comune
كميون أرتسو
Comune di Arezzo
Piazza Grande, Arezzo.JPG
علم أرتسو
Flag
درع أرتسو
Coat of arms
Location of أرتسو
أرتسو is located in إيطاليا
أرتسو
أرتسو
موقع أرتسو في توسكانيا
أرتسو is located in توسكانيا
أرتسو
أرتسو
أرتسو (توسكانيا)
الإحداثيات: 43°27′48″N 11°52′42″E / 43.46333°N 11.87833°E / 43.46333; 11.87833
البلدإيطاليا
المنطقةTuscany
المقاطعةArezzo (AR)
Frazioniانظر القائمة
الحكومة
 • العمدةAlessandro Ghinelli ([[قائمة الأحزاب السياسية في إيطاليا|الحزب الديمقراطي الإيطالي]])
المساحة
 • الإجمالي386٫25 كم² (149٫13 ميل²)
المنسوب
296 m (971 ft)
التعداد
 (30 اأبريل 2011)
 • الإجمالي100٬455
 • الكثافة260/km2 (670/sq mi)
صفة المواطنأرتيني
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
الرمز البريدي
52100
مفتاح الهاتف0575
Patron saintالقديس دوناتوس من أرتسو
يوم القديس7 أاغسطس
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial website

أرتسو ( Arezzo، UK: /əˈrɛtsoʊ, æˈr-/ ə-RET-soh, arr-ET-soh, US: /ɑːˈr-/ ar-ET-soh;[1] إيطالية: [aˈrettso])[أ] هي مدينة وكميون في وسط إيطاليا، وعاصمة مقاطعة تحمل نفس الاسم، تقع في توسكانا. تبعد أرتسو حوالي 80 كم جنوب شرق فلورنسا، على إرتفاع 296 م فوق سطح البحر. في 2011 كان عدد سكانها حوالي 97,000 نسمة.[4]

Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari, Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo.[5] In the artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco, and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico.[6] The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino, a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages.[7]

التاريخ

Described by Livy as one of the Capita Etruriae (Etruscan capitals), Arezzo (Aritim in Etruscan) is believed[ممن؟] to have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities—the so-called Dodecapolis, part of the Etruscan League. Etruscan remains establish that the acropolis of San Cornelio, a small hill next to that of San Donatus, was occupied and fortified in the Etruscan period. There is other significant Etruscan evidence: parts of walls, an Etruscan necropolis on Poggio del Sole (still named "Hill of the Sun"), and most famously, the two bronzes, the "Chimera of Arezzo" (5th century BC) and the "Minerva" (4th century BC) which were discovered in the 16th century and taken to Florence. Increasing trade connections with Greece also brought some elite goods to the Etruscan nobles of Arezzo: the krater painted by Euphronios c. 510 BC depicting a battle against Amazons (in the Museo Civico, Arezzo 1465) is unsurpassed.[بحاجة لمصدر]

شظية من الخزف الروماني من آرتسو، لاتيوم، عُثر عليها في أريكامدو في الهند (القرن الأول الميلادي)، وهي دليل على دور المدينة في التجارة الرومانية مع الهند عبر بلاد فارس أثناء عهد الامبراطور أغسطس. متحف گيميه.

Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road by which Rome expanded into the basin of the Po. Arretium sided with Marius (157 – 86 BC) in the Roman Civil War, and the victorious Sulla (ح. 138 – 78 BC) planted a colony of his veterans in the half-demolished city, as Arretium Fidens ("Faithful Arretium"). The old Etruscan aristocracy was not extinguished: Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, whose name has become eponymous with "patron of the arts", came of the noble Aretine Etruscan stock. The city continued to flourish as Arretium Vetus ("Old Arretium"), the third-largest city in Italy in the Augustan period, well known in particular for its widely exported pottery manufactures, the characteristic moulded and glazed Arretine ware, bucchero-ware of dark clay and red-painted vases (the so-called "coral" vases).

Around 261 AD the town council of Arezzo dedicated an inscription to its patron L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus. See that article for discussion of the possible political/military significance of Volusianus's association with the city.

In the 3rd to 4th century Arezzo became an episcopal seat: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because the bishops operated as the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages. The Roman city was demolished, partly in the course of the Gothic War and of the late-6th-century invasion of the Lombards, partly dismantled, as elsewhere throughout[بحاجة لمصدر] Europe. The Aretines re-used the stones for fortifications. Only the amphitheater remained.

The commune of Arezzo threw off the control of its bishop in 1098 and functioned as an independent city-state until 1384. Generally Ghibelline in tendency, it opposed Guelph Florence. In 1252 the city founded its university, the Studium. After the rout of the Battle of Campaldino (1289), which saw the death of Bishop Guglielmino Ubertini (it), the fortunes of Ghibelline Arezzo started to ebb, apart from a brief period under the Tarlati family, chief among them Guido Tarlati, who became bishop in 1312 and maintained good relations with the Ghibelline party. The Tarlati sought support in an alliance with Forlì and its overlords, the Ordelaffi, but failed: Arezzo yielded to Florentine domination in 1384; its individual history became subsumed in that of Florence and of the Medicean Grand Duchy of Tuscany. During this period Piero della Francesca (ح. 1415–1492) worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes, recently restored, which are Arezzo's most famous works. Afterwards the city began an economical and cultural decay, which ensured the preservation of its medieval centre.

In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana, south of Arezzo, were drained[ممن؟] and the region became less malarial. At the end of the-century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned (1799–1800) into a resistance base against the invaders with the "Viva Maria" movement, winning the city the role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

City buildings suffered heavy damage during World War II; the Germans made a stand in front of Arezzo early in July 1944 and fierce fighting ensued before the British 6th Armoured Division, assisted by New Zealand troops of the 2nd New Zealand Division, liberated the town 16 July 1944. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Arezzo War Cemetery, where 1,266 men are buried, is located to the north-west of the city.[8]

Pope Benedict XVI visited Arezzo and two other Italian municipalities on May 13, 2012.[9]

الجغرافيا

Arezzo is set on a steep hill, rising from the floodplain of the River Arno. In the upper part of the town are the cathedral, the town hall and the Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea), from which the main streets branch off towards the lower part as far as the gates. The upper part of the town maintains its medieval appearance despite the addition of later structures. Arezzo's city proper is near the high risk areas for earthquakes, but located in a transitional area where the risk for severe earthquakes is much lower than in nearby Umbria and Abruzzo, albeit it is slightly more vulnerable than Florence.[10] Notable earthquakes are still a very rare phenomenon in the province, with a 4.6 quake 25 كيلومتر (16 mi) to its north-east that claimed no lives on 26 November 2001 the exception.[11]

المناخ

Arezzo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with hot and dry summers combined with mild and rainy winters. The annual average temperature is 13.54 °C (56.4 °F), the hottest month in August is 23.56 °C (74.4 °F), and the coldest month is 4.66 °C (40.4 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 864.03 ميليمتر (34.02 in), of which November is the wettest with 120.8 ميليمتر (4.76 in), while July is the driest with only 42.24 ميليمتر (1.66 in).

بيانات المناخ لـ أرتسو
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 17.4
(63.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		40.3
(104.5) 		39.2
(102.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		40.3
(104.5)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		8.2
(46.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		12.7
(54.9)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.5
(43.8)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −20.2
(−4.4) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−20.2
(−4.4)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 46.6
(1.83) 		51.3
(2.02) 		58.7
(2.31) 		75.5
(2.97) 		72.8
(2.87) 		56.9
(2.24) 		41.2
(1.62) 		44.7
(1.76) 		81.1
(3.19) 		95.5
(3.76) 		106.6
(4.20) 		70.6
(2.78) 		801.5
(31.55)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.9 6.8 6.9 9.4 9.0 6.9 3.8 4.8 6.6 8.3 9.0 7.6 86
[بحاجة لمصدر]

الثقافة

المهرجانات

Arezzo is home to an annual medieval festival called the Saracen Joust (Giostra del Saracino). In this, "knights" on horseback representing different areas of the town charge at a wooden target attached to a carving of a Saracen king and score points according to accuracy. Virtually all the town's people dress up in medieval costume and enthusiastically cheer on the competitors.

Arezzo hosts an annual popular music and culture festival each July, called Arezzo Wave. Publicly funded, it attracts bands of high repute and attendees from all over Europe and North America and features some literary and film expositions.

Arezzo also hosts an annual international competition of choral singing Concorso Polifónico Guido d'Arezzo (International Guido d'Arezzo Polyphonic Contest).

في الثقافة الشعبية

Arezzo has a starring role in Roberto Benigni's film Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella, 1997), which won three Academy Awards (Best Foreign Film, Best Actor, Best Original Score).[بحاجة لمصدر] It is the place in which the main characters live before they are shipped off to a Nazi concentration camp

Arretium was used in the PC game Rome: Total War as the Capital of the Roman Faction of Julii.

المعالم الرئيسية

القصر الكبير.
منظر جوي للمدينة.
سور المدينة.
The Vasari Loggia on Piazza Grande.
كاتدرائية أرتسو.
قصر أرتسو.
كنيسة سان دومنيكو.
Santa Maria della Pieve.
تشيمبوى Crucifix في كنيسة سان دومنيكو، 1265/1268.
The Tarlati polyptych by Pietro Lorenzetti, 1320, at Santa Maria della Pieve, includes a depiction of Donatus of Arezzo (أقصى اليسار)
مسرح مفتوح.


المهرجانات

في الثقافة العامة

مشاهير أرتسو

الرياضة

  • Associazione Calcio Arezzo (A.C. Arezzo)
  • Vasari Rugby Arezzo
  • Club sommozzatori Calypso – Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee – Sez. Terr. Arezzo (diving)

العلاقات الدولية

مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المدن والبلدات الشقيقة في إيطاليا

أرتسو على توأمة وروابط صداقة مع البلدات والمدن التالية:

انظر أيضاً


وصلات خارجية

المصادر

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Arezzo (18 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 
  2. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012). Oxford Latin Dictionary (in الإنجليزية) (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 190.
  3. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (1934). Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (in الفرنسية). Paris: Librairie Hachette. p. 158. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Arezzo (AR)". Tuttitalia.it (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  5. ^ Pintus, Marta (2022-01-28). "Oro aretino: dagli etruschi a oggi, una tradizione millenaria d'artistico splendore". TuscanyPeople (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  6. ^ "Chiesa di San Domenico e crocifisso di Cimabue". Terre di Piero della Francesca (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  7. ^ "La Storia – Giostra del Saracino" (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  8. ^ "AREZZO WAR CEMETERY". CWGC. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  9. ^ Sala Stampa Archived نوفمبر 7, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Which areas of Italy have the highest risk of earthquakes?". The Local Italy. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  11. ^ "M 4.6 Central Italy 2001-11-26". Earthquakes USGS.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  12. ^ "AREZZO" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 13 October 2012.


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