گلبرت ن. لويس
گلبرت نيوتن لويس Gilbert Newton Lewis (و. 23 أكتوبر 1875 – ت. 23 مارس 1946)[2] هو كيميائي فيزيائي أمريكي اشتهر لاكتشاف الرابطة التساهمية (انظر ترتيبات لويس وورقته البحثية المنشورة عام 1916 بعنوان "الذرة والجزيء")، تنقيته للماء الثقيل، اعادته صياغة للديناميكا الحرارية الكيميائية على نحو رياضي دقيق يمكن الكيميائي العادي من تفهمه، نظريته قواعد وأحماض لويس، وتجاربه في مجال الكيمياء الضوئية. عام 1926، صاغ لويس مصطلح الفوتون لوصف أصغر وحدة من الطاقة الاشعاعية. Lewis was best known for his discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding. Lewis successfully contributed to chemical thermodynamics, photochemistry, and isotope separation, and is also known for his concept of acids and bases.[3] Lewis also researched on relativity and quantum physics, and in 1926 he coined the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy.[4][5]
گلبرت ن. لويس Gilbert N. Lewis | |
|---|---|
 لويس في معمل برلكي | |
| وُلِدَ | 23 أكتوبر 1875 |
| توفي | 23 مارس 1946 |
| الجنسية | أمريكي |
| اللقب | Lewis pair Lewis structures Lewis acids and bases Lewis–Tolman paradox Chemical thermodynamics الرابطة التساهمية ترتيبات لويس نظرية رابطة التكافؤ النظرية الإلكترونية للقواعد والأحماض الديناميكة الحرارية الكيميائية الماء الثقيل تسمية الفوتون تفسير التفسفر Cubical atom Fugacity Heavy water Ionic strength Octet rule Tetraoxygen Thermodynamic activity Named photon Explained phosphorescence |
| الجوائز | Fellow of the Royal Society[1] William H. Nichols Medal (1921) Willard Gibbs Award (1924) Davy Medal (1929) |
| السيرة العلمية | |
| المجالات | الكيمياء الفيزيائية |
| المشرف على الدكتوراه | تيودور ريتشاردس |
| طلاب الدكتوراه | مايكل كاشا هارولد اوري Glenn T. Seaborg Joseph Edward Mayer |
| أثـَّر عليه | إرڤنگ لانگموير مرل راندال |
G. N. Lewis was born in 1875 in Weymouth, Massachusetts. After receiving his PhD in chemistry from Harvard University and studying abroad in Germany and the Philippines, Lewis moved to California in 1912 to teach chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, where he became the Dean of the College of Chemistry and spent the rest of his life.[6][7] As a professor, he incorporated thermodynamic principles into the chemistry curriculum and reformed chemical thermodynamics in a mathematically rigorous manner accessible to ordinary chemists. He began measuring the free energy values related to several chemical processes, both organic and inorganic. In 1916, he also proposed his theory of bonding and added information about electrons in the periodic table of the chemical elements. In 1933, he started his research on isotope separation. Lewis worked with hydrogen and managed to purify a sample of heavy water. He then came up with his theory of acids and bases, and did work in photochemistry during the last years of his life.
Though he was nominated 41 times, G. N. Lewis never won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, resulting in a major Nobel Prize controversy.[8][9][10][11][12] On the other hand, Lewis mentored and influenced numerous Nobel laureates at Berkeley including Harold Urey (1934 Nobel Prize), William F. Giauque (1949 Nobel Prize), Glenn T. Seaborg (1951 Nobel Prize), Willard Libby (1960 Nobel Prize), Melvin Calvin (1961 Nobel Prize) and so on, turning Berkeley into one of the world's most prestigious centers for chemistry.[13][14][15][16][17] On March 23, 1946, Lewis was found dead in his Berkeley laboratory where he had been working with hydrogen cyanide; many postulated that the cause of his death was suicide.[10] After Lewis' death, his children followed their father's career in chemistry, and the Lewis Hall on the Berkeley campus is named after him.[7]
كان عضواً في إخائية ألفا چي سيگما، الكيميائية البارزة وأستاذ الكيمياء في جامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي.
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الإنجازات العلمية
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةfrs - ^ Gilbert Newton Lewis: American chemist (1875-1946), Woodrow Wilson Leadership Program in Chemistry
- ^ Davey, Stephen (2009). "The legacy of Lewis". Nature Chemistry. 1 (1): 19. Bibcode:2009NatCh...1...19D. doi:10.1038/nchem.149. ISSN 1755-4330.
- ^ "December 18, 1926: Gilbert Lewis coins "photon" in letter to Nature". APS News: This Month in Physics History (in الإنجليزية). American Physical Society. December 2012. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:9 - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:3 - ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:4 - ^ "Nomination Database Gilbert N. Lewis". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis". Atomic Heritage Foundation (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ أ ب DelVecchio, Rick; Writer, Chronicle Staff (2006-08-05). "WHAT KILLED FAMED CAL CHEMIST? / 20th century pioneer who failed to win a Nobel Prize may have succumbed to a broken heart, one admirer theorizes". SFGate. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "December 18, 1926: Gilbert Lewis coins "photon" in letter to Nature". www.aps.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Jensen, William B. (5 October 2017). "The Mystery of G. N. Lewis's Missing Nobel Prize. The Posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Volume 1. Correcting the Errors and Oversights of the Nobel Prize Committee". ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society: 107–120. doi:10.1021/bk-2017-1262.ch006.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:1 - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:6 - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:7 - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:8 - ^ Harris, Reviewed By Harold H. (1999-11-01). "A Biography of Distinguished Scientist Gilbert Newton Lewis (by Edward S. Lewis)". Journal of Chemical Education. 76 (11): 1487. Bibcode:1999JChEd..76.1487H. doi:10.1021/ed076p1487. ISSN 0021-9584.
قراءات إضافية
- Coffey, Patrick (2008) Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532134-0
وصلات خارجية
- Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875–1946) and Irving Langmuir (1881–1957) - Chemical Achievers
- Key Participants: G. N. Lewis - Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History
- [Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007, see chapter 8 especially]