المعرفة

پالية

(تم التحويل من پالي)

الپالية هي لغة هندية قديمة وتعتبر تطورا للغة الپراكريتية، وهي اللغة التي كتب بها أقدم ما وصل إلينا من الأدب البوذي.

پالي Pāli
पाऴि Pāḷi
النطق [paːli]
تـُستخدم في سري لانكا, ميانمار, تايلاند, كمبوديا, لاوس, ڤيتنام, الهند, نيبال, بنگلادش
انقراض اللغة No native speakers, used as a literary and liturgical language only
عائلة لغات هندو-أوروبية
نظام الكتابة No native script; it can be written in various scripts such as Bengali, Burmese, Devanāgarī, Khmer, Lao, Roman Alphabet, Sinhala, Thai, Lanna
أكواد اللغة
ISO 639-1 pi
ISO 639-2 pli
ISO 639-3 pli
Indic script
 This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

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Phonology

Vowels

Height Backness
Front Central Back
High i [i]

ī [iː]

u [u]

ū [uː]

Mid e [e], [eː] a [ɐ] o [o], [oː]
Low ā [aː]

Consonants

The table below lists the consonants of Pāli. In bold is the letter in traditional romanisation, in brackets is its IPA pronunciation.

Place of articulation Manner of articulation
Stops Approximants Fricatives
Voiceless Voiced Non-laterals Laterals
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated Nasal Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated
Velars k [k] kh [kʰ] g [ɡ] gh [ɡʱ] ṅ [ŋ]
Palatals c [tʃ] ch[tʃʰ] j [dʒ] jh [dʒʱ] ñ [ɲ] y [j]
Retroflex ṭ [ʈ] ṭh [ʈʰ] ḍ [ɖ] ḍh [ɖʱ] ṇ [ɳ] r[ɻ] ḷ [ɭ] ḷh [ɭʱ]
Dentals t [t̪] th [t̪ʰ] d [d̪] dh [d̪ʱ] n [n̪]
Alveolars l [l] s [s]
Bilabials p [p] ph [pʰ] b [b] bh [bʱ] m [m]
Labiodentals v [ʋ]
Glottals h [h]

a-stems

a-stems, whose uninflected stem ends in short a (/ə/), are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases.

Masculine (loka- "world") Neuter (yāna- "carriage")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative loko lokā yānaṃ yānāni
Vocative loka
Accusative lokaṃ loke
Instrumental lokena lokehi yānena yānehi
Ablative lokā (lokamhā, lokasmā; lokato) yānā (yānamhā, yānasmā; yānato)
Dative lokassa (lokāya) lokānaṃ yānassa (yānāya) yānānaṃ
Genitive lokassa yānassa
Locative loke (lokasmiṃ) lokesu yāne (yānasmiṃ) yānesu

ā-stems

Nouns ending in ā (/aː/) are almost always feminine.

Feminine (kathā- "story")
Singular Plural
Nominative kathā kathāyo
Vocative kathe
Accusative kathaṃ
Instrumental kathāya kathāhi
Ablative
Dative kathānaṃ
Genitive
Locative kathāya, kathāyaṃ kathāsu

i-stems and u-stems

i-stems and u-stems are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative and accusative cases. The vocative has the same form as the nominative.

Masculine (isi- "seer") Neuter (akkhi- "eye")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative isi isayo, isī akkhi, akkhiṃ akkhī, akkhīni
Vocative
Accusative isiṃ
Instrumental isinā isihi, isīhi akkhinā akkhihi, akkhīhi
Ablative isinā, isito akkhinā, akkhito
Dative isino isinaṃ, isīnaṃ akkhino akkhinaṃ, akkhīnaṃ
Genitive isissa, isino akkhissa, akkhino
Locative isismiṃ isisu, isīsu akkhismiṃ akkhisu, akkhīsu
Masculine (bhikkhu- "monk") Neuter (cakkhu- "eye")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative bhikkhu bhikkhavo, bhikkhū cakkhu, cakkhuṃ cakkhūni
Vocative
Accusative bhikkhuṃ
Instrumental bhikkhunā bhikkhūhi cakkhunā cakkhūhi
Ablative
Dative bhikkhuno bhikkhūnaṃ cakkhuno cakkhūnaṃ
Genitive bhikkhussa, bhikkhuno bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhunnaṃ cakkhussa, cakkhuno cakkhūnaṃ, cakkhunnaṃ
Locative bhikkhusmiṃ bhikkhūsu cakkhusmiṃ cakkhūsu


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المصادر

ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.

المراجع

  • See entries for "Pali" (written by K. R. Norman of the Pali Text Society) and "India--Buddhism" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion, (Sawyer ed.) ISBN 0080431674
  • Warder, A.K. (1991). Introduction to Pali (third edition ed.). Pali Text Society. ISBN 0860131971. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • de Silva, Lily (1994). Pali Primer (first edition ed.). Vipassana Research Institute Publications. ISBN 817414014X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Müller, Edward (1884,1995). Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120611039. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)

قراءات اضافية

  • Gupta, K. M. (2006). Linguistic approach to meaning in Pali. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 8175741708
  • Müller, E. (2003). The Pali language: a simplified grammar. Trubner's collection of simplified grammars. London: Trubner. ISBN 1844530019
  • Oberlies, T., & Pischel, R. (2001). Pāli: a grammar of the language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Indian philology and South Asian studies, v. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110167638
  • Hazra, K. L. (1994). Pāli language and literature: a systematic survey and historical study. Emerging perceptions in Buddhist studies, no. 4-5. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 812460004X
  • American National Standards Institute. (1979). American National Standard system for the romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali. New York: The Institute.
  • Soothill, W. E., & Hodous, L. (1937). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

انظر أيضاً

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