المعرفة

وتشيتا، كانزس

(تم التحويل من ويتشيتا، كنساس)
لمعلومات عن المقاطعة، انظر مقاطعة وتشيتا، كانزس.

وتشيتا (تــُنطـَق /ˈwɪtʃɨtɑː/ WICH-i-tah)، هي مدينة ومقعد مقاطعة سيجويك، كانزس، الولايات المتحدة. حسب تقديرات 2002 وصل عدد سكانها 344.284 نسمة. وفي 2020 وصل إلى 397,532 نسمة لتكون في الترتيب 51 على مستوى الولايات المتحدة وأكثر المدن إكتظاظا بالسكان في ولاية كانزس.[3][4] وتقع وتشيتا في جنوب وسط كانزاس على نهر كانزس.[1]

وتشيتا، كانزس
Wichita, Kansas
مدينة ومقر مقاطعة
Wichita Skyline 2021.jpg
Sedgwick county kansas courthouse 2009.jpg
Eck Stadium Tyler Field.JPG
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: أفق وسط البلد، ملعب إك، محكمة مقاطعة سدجويك القديمة
علم وتشيتا، كانزس
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ وتشيتا، كانزس
Seal
الكنية: 
العاصمة الجوية للعالم
الموقع في مقاطعة سدجويك و كانزس
الموقع في مقاطعة سدجويك و كانزس
خريطة تفاعلية لوتشيتا
الإحداثيات: 37°41′20″N 97°20′10″W / 37.68889°N 97.33611°W / 37.68889; -97.33611Coordinates: 37°41′20″N 97°20′10″W / 37.68889°N 97.33611°W / 37.68889; -97.33611[1]
البلدالولايات المتحدة
الولايةكانزس
المقاطعةمقاطعة سدجويك
الحكومة
 • النوعCouncil-Manager
 • MayorBrandon Whipple (D)
 • City ManagerRobert Layton
المساحة
[2]
 • مدينة ومقر مقاطعة431٫28 كم² (166٫52 ميل²)
 • البر419٫55 كم² (161٫99 ميل²)
 • الماء11٫73 كم² (4٫53 ميل²)
المنسوب
[1]
397 m (1٬303 ft)
التعداد
 (2020)[3][4]
 • مدينة ومقر مقاطعة397٬532
 • Estimate 
(2021)[5]
395٬699
 • الترتيب49th in the United States
1st in Kansas
 • الكثافة947٫52/km2 (2٬454٫05/sq mi)
 • Urban
500٬231 (US: 84th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية851٫4/km2 (2٬205٫2/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
[6]
647٬919 (US: 93rd)
صفة المواطنWichitan
منطقة التوقيتUTC-6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
67201–67221, 67223, 67226–67228, 67230, 67232, 67235, 67260, 67275–67278[7]
Area code316
FIPS code20-79000 [1]
GNIS ID473862 [1]
الموقع الإلكترونيwichita.gov

Wichita began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and was incorporated as a city in 1870. It became a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to Kansas railroads, earning it the nickname "Cowtown".[8][9] Wyatt Earp served as a police officer in Wichita for around one year before going to Dodge City.

In the 1920s and 1930s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita, including Beechcraft, Cessna, and Stearman Aircraft. The city became an aircraft production hub known as "The Air Capital of the World".[10][11] Textron Aviation, Learjet, Airbus, and Boeing/Spirit AeroSystems continue to operate design and manufacturing facilities in Wichita, and the city remains a major center of the American aircraft industry. Several airports located within the city of Wichita include McConnell Air Force Base,[12][13] Colonel James Jabara Airport, and Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, the largest airport in Kansas.

As an industrial hub, Wichita is a regional center of culture, media, and trade. It hosts several universities, large museums, theaters, parks, shopping centers, and entertainment venues, most notably Intrust Bank Arena and Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center. The city's Old Cowtown Museum maintains historical artifacts and exhibits the city's early history. Wichita State University is the third-largest post-secondary institution in the state.

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التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Wichita, Kansas and Timeline of Wichita, Kansas
انظر أيضاً: History of Kansas


Early history

Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 BC.[14] In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, people. Conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south.[15] Prior to European settlement of the region, the site was in the territory of the Kiowa.[16]

19th century

 
Darius Sales Munger House, built in 1868, is the oldest surviving building in Wichita (at Old Cowtown Museum).[17]

Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it became part of Kansas Territory in 1854 and then the state of Kansas in 1861.[18][19]

The Wichita people returned in 1863, driven from their land in Indian Territory by Confederate forces in the American Civil War, and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas.[20][21][22] During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, one of several along a trail extending south to Texas which became known as the Chisholm Trail.[23] In 1867, after the war, the Wichita returned to Indian Territory.[20]

In 1868, trader James R. Mead was among a group of investors who established a town company, and surveyor Darius Munger built a log structure for the company to serve as a hotel, community center, and post office.[24][25] Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, naming the settlement after the Wichita tribe.[21] In 1870, Munger and German immigrant William "Dutch Bill" Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the city's first streets.[25] Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21, 1870.[24]

 
A 1915 railroad map of Sedgwick County, showing many railroads that previously passed through Wichita.

Wichita's position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads, which led to markets in eastern U.S. cities.[23][26] The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872.[27] As a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname "Cowtown".[23][26] Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels, and lack of law enforcement.[28]

James Earp ran a brothel with his wife Nellie "Bessie" Ketchum. His brother Wyatt was likely a pimp, although historian Gary L. Roberts believes that he was an enforcer or bouncer.[29] Local arrest records show that Earp's common-law wife Sally and James' wife Nellie managed a brothel there from early 1874 to the middle of 1876.[30] The area had a reputation for violence until lawmen like Wyatt stepped up enforcement, who officially joined the Wichita marshal's office on April 21, 1875. He was hired after the election of Mike Meagher as city marshal, making $100 per month.[23][26] By the middle of the decade, the cattle trade had moved west to Dodge City. Wichita annexed Delano in 1880.[28]

Rapid immigration resulted in a speculative land boom in the late 1880s, stimulating further expansion of the city. Fairmount College, which eventually grew into Wichita State University, opened in 1886; Garfield University, which eventually became Friends University, opened in 1887.[31][32] By 1890, Wichita had become the third-largest city in the state after Kansas City, Kansas, and Topeka, with a population of nearly 24,000.[33] After the boom, however, the city entered an economic recession, and many of the original settlers went bankrupt.[34]

20th century

In 1914 and 1915, deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered in nearby Butler County. This triggered another economic boom in Wichita as producers established refineries, fueling stations, and headquarters in the city.[35] By 1917, five operating refineries were in Wichita, with another seven built in the 1920s.[36] The careers and fortunes of future oil moguls Archibald Derby, who later founded Derby Oil, and Fred C. Koch, who established what would become Koch Industries, both began in Wichita during this period.[35][37]

The money generated by the oil boom enabled local entrepreneurs to invest in the nascent airplane-manufacturing industry. In 1917, Clyde Cessna built his Cessna Comet in Wichita, the first aircraft built in the city. In 1920, two local oilmen invited Chicago aircraft builder Emil "Matty" Laird to manufacture his designs in Wichita, leading to the formation of the Swallow Airplane Company. Two early Swallow employees, Lloyd Stearman and Walter Beech, went on to found two prominent Wichita-based companies, Stearman Aircraft in 1926 and Beechcraft in 1932, respectively. Cessna, meanwhile, started his own company in Wichita in 1927.[38] The city became such a center of the industry that the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce dubbed it the "Air Capital of the World" in 1929.[10][39][40]

 
Boeing B-29 assembly line (1944)

Over the following decades, aviation and aircraft manufacturing continued to drive expansion of the city. In 1934, Stearman's Wichita facilities became part of Boeing, which would become the city's largest employer.[41] Initial construction of Wichita Municipal Airport finished southeast of the city in 1935. During World War II, the site hosted Wichita Army Airfield and Boeing Airplane Company Plant No. 1.[42] The city experienced a population explosion during the war when it became a major manufacturing center for the Boeing B-29 bomber. The wartime city quickly grew from 110,000 to 184,000 residents, drawing aircraft workers from throughout the central U.S.[10][43] In 1951, the U.S. Air Force announced plans to assume control of the airport to establish McConnell Air Force Base. By 1954, all nonmilitary air traffic had shifted to the new Wichita Mid-Continent Airport west of the city.[42] In 1962, Lear Jet Corporation opened with its plant adjacent to the new airport.[44]

 
The original Pizza Hut building, which was moved to the campus of Wichita State University (2004)

Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, several other prominent businesses and brands had their origins in Wichita. A. A. Hyde founded health-care products maker Mentholatum in Wichita in 1889.[45][46] Sporting goods and camping-gear retailer Coleman started in the city in the early 1900s.[45][47] A number of fast-food franchises started in Wichita, beginning with White Castle in 1921 and followed by many more in the 1950s and 1960s including Pizza Hut in 1958. In the 1970s and 1980s, the city became a regional center of health care and medical research.[45][48]

Wichita has been a focal point of national political controversy multiple times in its history. In 1900, famous temperance extremist Carrie Nation struck in Wichita upon learning the city was not enforcing Kansas's prohibition ordinance.[45] The Dockum Drug Store sit-in took place in the city in 1958 with protesters pushing for desegregation.[49] In 1991, thousands of anti-abortion protesters blockaded and held sit-ins at Wichita abortion clinics, particularly the clinic of George Tiller.[50] Tiller was later murdered in Wichita by Scott Roeder in 2009.[51]

21st century

Except for a slow period in the 1970s, Wichita has continued to grow steadily into the 21st century.[33] In the late 1990s and 2000s, the city government and local organizations began collaborating to redevelop downtown Wichita and older neighborhoods in the city.[25][28][52] Intrust Bank Arena opened downtown in 2010.[53]

Boeing ended its operations in Wichita in 2014.[54] However, the city remains a national center of aircraft manufacturing with other companies including Spirit AeroSystems and Airbus maintaining facilities in Wichita.[24][55]

Wichita Mid-Continent Airport was officially renamed Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport after the Kansas native and U.S. President in 2015.[56]

الجغرافيا

 
Downtown Wichita viewed from the west bank of the Arkansas River (2010)

Wichita is in south-central Kansas at the junction of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 54.[57] Part of the Midwestern United States, it is 157 mi (253 km) north of Oklahoma City, 181 mi (291 km) southwest of Kansas City, and 439 mi (707 km) east-southeast of Denver.[58]

The city lies on the Arkansas River near the western edge of the Flint Hills in the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains.[59] The area's topography is characterized by the broad alluvial plain of the Arkansas River valley and the moderately rolling slopes that rise to the higher lands on either side.[60][61]

The Arkansas follows a winding course, south-southeast through Wichita, roughly bisecting the city. It is joined along its course by several tributaries, all of which flow generally south. The largest is the Little Arkansas River, which enters the city from the north and joins the Arkansas immediately west of downtown. Further east lies Chisholm Creek, which joins the Arkansas in the far southern part of the city. The Chisholm's own tributaries drain much of the city's eastern half; these include the creek's West, Middle, and East Forks, as well as further south, Gypsum Creek. The Gypsum is fed by its own tributary, Dry Creek. Two more of the Arkansas's tributaries lie west of its course; from east to west, these are Big Slough Creek and Cowskin Creek. Both run south through the western part of the city. Fourmile Creek, a tributary of the Walnut River, flows south through the far eastern part of the city.[62]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 163.59 sq mi (423.70 km2), of which 4.30 sq mi (11.14 km2) are covered by water.[63]

As the core of the Wichita metropolitan area, the city is surrounded by suburbs. Bordering Wichita on the north are, from west to east, Valley Center, Park City, Kechi, and Bel Aire. Enclosed within east-central Wichita is Eastborough. Adjacent to the city's east side is Andover. McConnell Air Force Base is in the extreme southeast corner of the city. To the south, from east to west, lie Derby and Haysville. Goddard and Maize border Wichita to the west and northwest, respectively.[64]


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المناخ

Source: Monthly Station Climate Summaries, 1971-2000, U.S. National Climatic Data Center
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Temperatures (°F)
Mean high 40.1 47.2 57.3 66.9 76.0 87.1 92.9 91.6 82.2 70.2 54.5 43.1 67.4
Mean low 20.3 25.3 34.4 43.7 54.0 63.9 69.1 67.9 59.3 46.9 33.9 24.0 45.2
Highest recorded 75
(2002) 		87
(1996) 		92
(1916) 		98
(1893) 		100
(1996) 		110
(1980) 		113
(1954) 		114
(1936) 		108
(2000) 		97
(2006) 		86
(2006) 		83
(1955) 		114
(1936)
Lowest recorded −21
(1982) 		−21
(1982) 		−2
(1960) 		15
(1975) 		31
(1976) 		43
(1969) 		51
(1975) 		48
(1967) 		31
(1984) 		18
(1993) 		1
(1975) 		−16
(1989) 		−21
(1982)
Precipitation (inches)
Median 0.63 0.62 2.13 2.32 3.25 3.72 3.76 2.16 2.09 1.95 1.81 1.01 29.62
Mean number of days 5.4 5.4 8.1 8.5 11.2 9.7 7.2 7.6 7.2 6.4 5.8 5.7 88.2
Highest monthly 2.73
(1973) 		3.33
(1987) 		9.17
(1973) 		12.42
(1944) 		13.14
(2008) 		8.90
(1995) 		6.65
(1971) 		7.69
(1987) 		12.96
(2008) 		9.42
(1998) 		4.91
(1992) 		4.71
(1984) 		53.82
(2008)
Snowfall (inches)
Median 2.8 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 7.7
Mean number of days 3.6 2.5 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 2.7 11.0
Highest monthly 19.7
(1987) 		16.7
(1971) 		13.6
(1998) 		4.6
(1979) 		0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5
(1991) 		7.1
(1972) 		13.8
(1983)
Notes: Temperatures are in degrees Fahrenheit. Precipitation includes rain and melted snow or sleet in inches; median values are provided for precipitation and snowfall because mean averages may be misleading. Mean and median values are for the 30-year period 1971–2000; temperature extremes are for the station's period of record (1954–2001). The station is located at Wichita Mid-Continent Airport at 37°39′N 97°26′W / 37.650°N 97.433°W / 37.650; -97.433 (Wichita Mid-Continent Airport), elevation 1,321 feet (403 m).

التوزيع السكاني

التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
18804٬911
—
189023٬853385.7%
190024٬6713.4%
191052٬450112.6%
192072٬21737.7%
1930111٬11053.9%
1940114٬9663.5%
1950168٬27946.4%
1960254٬69851.4%
1970276٬5548.6%
1980279٬2721.0%
1990304٬0118.9%
2000344٬28413.2%

[بحاجة لمصدر]


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الاقتصاد

 
Boeing plant in Wichita (2010): Boeing was once the largest employer in Wichita (as per a 2005 analysis), and aviation remains the city's largest industry.

It is the birthplace of famous restaurants such as White Castle and Pizza Hut.[65][66] A survey of well-known Kansas-based brands conducted by RSM Marketing Services and the Wichita Consumer Research Center showed many of the top-25 Kansas-based brands such as Koch, Coleman, Cessna, Pizza Hut, Beechcraft, Freddy's, and more are based in Wichita.[67]

Wichita's principal industrial sector is manufacturing, which accounted for 21.6% of area employment in 2003. Aircraft manufacturing has long dominated the local economy, and plays such an important role that it has the ability to influence the economic health of the entire region; the state offers tax breaks and other incentives to aircraft manufacturers.[68]

Healthcare is Wichita's second-largest industry, employing about 28,000 people in the local area. Since healthcare needs remain fairly consistent regardless of the economy, this field was not subject to the same pressures that affected other industries in the early 2000s. The Kansas Spine Hospital opened in 2004, as did a critical-care tower at Wesley Medical Center.[69] In July 2010, Via Christi Health, which is the largest provider of healthcare services in Kansas, opened a hospital that will serve the northwest area of Wichita. Via Christi Hospital on St. Teresa is the system's fifth hospital to serve the Wichita community.[70] In 2016, Wesley Healthcare opened Wesley Children's Hospital, the first and only children's hospital in the Wichita area.[71]

Thanks to the early 20th-Century oil boom in neighboring Butler County, Kansas, Wichita became a major oil town, with dozens of oil-exploration companies and support enterprises. Most famous of these was Koch Industries, today a global natural-resources conglomerate. The city was also at one time the headquarters of the former Derby Oil Company, which was purchased by Coastal Corporation in 1988. Wichita is home to oil and natural gas organizations Kansas Strong and Kansas Independent Oil & Gas Association.

Koch Industries and Cargill, the two largest privately held companies in the United States,[72] both operate headquarters facilities in Wichita. Koch Industries' primary global corporate headquarters is in a large office-tower complex in northeast Wichita. Cargill Meat Solutions Div., at one time the nation's third-largest beef producer, is headquartered downtown. Other firms with headquarters in Wichita include roller-coaster manufacturer Chance Morgan, gourmet food retailer Dean & Deluca, renewable energy company Alternative Energy Solutions, and Coleman Company, a manufacturer of camping and outdoor recreation supplies. Air Midwest, the nation's first officially certificated "commuter" airline, was founded and headquartered in Wichita and evolved into the nation's eighth-largest regional airline prior to its dissolution in 2008.[73]

As of 2013, 68.2% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force; 0.6% was in the armed forces, and 67.6% was in the civilian labor force with 61.2% employed and 6.4% unemployed. The occupational composition of the employed civilian labor force was 33.3% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.1% in sales and office occupations; 17.2% in service occupations; 14.0% in production, transportation, and material moving; and 10.4% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were educational services, health care, and social assistance (22.3%); manufacturing (19.2%); and retail trade (11.0%).[74]

The cost of living in Wichita is below average; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 84.0.[75] As of 2013, the median home value in the city was $117,500, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,194 for housing units with a mortgage and $419 for those without, and the median gross rent was $690.[74]

Wichita has a national reputation in U.S. media as an affordable and pleasant place to live. In July 2006, CNN/Money and Money ranked Wichita ninth on their list of the 10 best U.S. big cities in which to live.[76] In 2008, MSN Real Estate ranked Wichita 1st on its list of most affordable cities.[77] In its 2019 "Best Places to Live" survey, U. S. News & World Report, ranked Wichita at number 79 out of 125 U.S. cities,[78] and noted that violent crime in Wichita had risen over the previous few years.[79] In the 2019 KIDS COUNT Data Book, in its annual "State Rankings on Overall Child Well-Being," Kansas was ranked number 15 out of the 50 states. However, the state has a significantly higher rate of child incarceration than the nation, generally, and a higher rate of the state taking children from their homes.[80]

صناعة الطائرات

From the early to late 20th century, aircraft pioneers such as Clyde Cessna, Emil Matthew "Matty" Laird, Lloyd Stearman, Walter Beech, Al Mooney and Bill Lear began aircraft-manufacturing enterprises that led to Wichita becoming the nation's leading city in numbers of aircraft produced, earning Wichita, in 1928, the 1929 title "Air Capital City" from the nation's Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce — a title the city would claim permanently.[10][81][82][83]

The aircraft corporations E. M. Laird Aviation Company (the nation's first successful commercial airplane manufacturer), Travel Air (started by Beech, Stearman, and Cessna), Stearman, Cessna, Beechcraft, and Mooney were all founded in Wichita between 1920 and early 1932.[81][82][83][11] By 1931, Boeing (of Seattle, Washington) had absorbed Stearman, creating "Boeing-Wichita", which would eventually grow to become Kansas' largest employer.[12][84][85]

Today, Cessna Aircraft Co. (the world's highest-volume airplane manufacturer) and Beechcraft remain based in Wichita, having merged into Textron Aviation in 2014, along with Learjet and Boeing's chief sub-assembly supplier, Spirit AeroSystems. Airbus maintains a workforce in Wichita, and Bombardier (parent company of Learjet) has other divisions in Wichita, as well. Over 50 other aviation businesses operate in the Wichita MSA, as well as over 350 suppliers and subcontractors to the local aircraft manufacturers. In total, Wichita and its companies have manufactured an estimated 250,000 aircraft since Clyde Cessna's first Wichita-built aircraft in 1916.[12][13][81][82][10]

In the early 2000s, a national and international recession combined with the after-effects of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to depress the aviation subsector in and around Wichita. Orders for new aircraft plummeted, prompting Wichita's five largest aircraft manufacturers, Boeing Co., Cessna Aircraft Co., Bombardier Learjet Inc., Hawker Beechcraft, and Raytheon Aircraft Co.—to slash a combined 15,000 jobs between 2001 and 2004. In response, these companies began developing small- and mid-sized airplanes to appeal to business and corporate users.[69]

In 2007, Wichita built 977 aircraft, ranging from single-engine light aircraft to the world's fastest civilian jet; one-fifth of the civilian aircraft produced in United States that year, plus numerous small military aircraft.[82][13][86] In early 2012, Boeing announced it would be closing its Wichita plant by the end of 2013,[85][87] which paved the road for Spirit Aerosystems to open its plant (actually, the Boeing-Wichita factory, still producing the same aircraft assemblies for Boeing, but officially under a different corporation).[10][88]

النقل

منظر المدينة

 
Downtown Wichita & Century II Convention Center along the Arkansas River.

التعليم

الثقافة

 
Blackbear Bosin's The Keeper of the Plains at the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers by the Wichita Mid-America All Indian Center
 
Mother and Child, by Mary Cassatt, at the Wichita Art Museum
 
The Sedgwick County Historical Museum
 
The historic Orpheum Theatre

المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضا

ملاحظات

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج قالب:Cite gnis2
  2. ^ "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  3. ^ أ ب "Profile of Wichita, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; نوفمبر 15, 2021 suggested (help)
  4. ^ أ ب "QuickFacts; Wichita, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة USCensusEst2021
  6. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  7. ^ United States Postal Service (2012). "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  8. ^ Miner, Craig (Wichita State Univ. Dept. of History), Wichita: The Magic City, Wichita Historical Museum Association, Wichita, KS, 1988
  9. ^ Howell, Angela and Peg Vines, The Insider's Guide to Wichita, Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing, Wichita, KS, 1995
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