قائمة الأديان والتقاليد الروحانية

هذه قائمة غير كاملة، قد يستحيل أن تستوفي بعض معايير الاكتمال.

While the word religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion used in religious studies courses defines it as

Religious symbols in clock-wise form from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.^[1]

Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, which at some point in the future will be countless.^[2]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.^[3]^[4]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.^[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,^[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

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Eastern religions

Dharmic religions

The four main religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Buddhism

Pre-sectarian Buddhism (theorized)
- Mahayana
  - Chinese Buddhism
    - Tiantai
      - Tendai
      - Cheontae
    - Huayan school
      - Daśabhūmikā
    - Chan Buddhism
      - Seon Buddhism
      - Thiền Buddhism
        Trúc Lâm (syncretic)
      - Zen Buddhism
      - Caodong school
        Sōtō
        Keizan line
        
        Jakuen line
        
        Giin line
      - Linji school
        Otokan line
        Rinzai
        
        Ōbaku
        
        Fuke-shū
      - Sanbo Kyodan
  - Madhyamaka
  - Nichiren Buddhism
  - Pure Land Buddhism
    - Jōdo Shinshū
    - Jōdo-shū
  - Yogācāra
    - East Asian Yogācāra
- Nikaya Buddhism (incorrectly called "Hinayana"^{[بحاجة لمصدر]})
  - Theravada
  - Vipassana movement (United States)
- Vajrayana
  - Azhaliism
  - Bongthingism
  - Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
  - Newar Buddhism
  - Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
  - Shingon Buddhism
  - Southern Esoteric Buddhism
  - Tibetan Buddhism
    - Bon (syncretic)
    - Gelug
      - Yellow Shamanism (syncretic)
    - Kagyu
      - Dagpo Kagyu
        Karma Kagyu
        
        Drukpa Kagyu
      - Shangpa Kagyu
    - Nyingma
    - Sakya
    - Jonang
    - Bodongpa

Dharmic philosophy schools

Āstika (Orthodox schools)
Nāstika (Heterodox schools)
- Ajivika
- Ajñana
- Akiriya
- Buddhism
- Charvaka^[7]
- Jainism
- Sassatavada

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Hinduism

Syncretic Hinduism

Jainism

Sikhism

Yoga

East Asian religions

Religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism, Confucianism, Muism and Shinto, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

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Chinese folk religion

Chinese philosophy schools

Taojia ("School of the Tao")
Fajia ('School of Law")
- Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy")
Huang–Lao
Mojia ("School of Mo")
- Mingjia ("School of Names")
Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism")
Ruijia ("School of Scholars")
Yangism
Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang")
Zajia ("School of Syncretism")

Confucianism

Syncretic Taoism

Chongxuan School
Dragon Gate Taoism
Kōshin
Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
Xuanxue ("Neo-Taoism")
Yao Taoism ("Meishanism")

Vietnamese religions

Dao Luong

Middle Eastern religions

Religions that originated in the Middle East; namely Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Abrahamic religions

Christianity

Early Christianity

Eastern Christianity

Church of the East (called "Nestorianism")
- Ancient Church of the East
- Assyrian Church of the East
  - Chaldean Syrian Church
Eastern Catholic Churches
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church")
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States)
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- (Independent Eastern Catholic Churches)
  - Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church")
- Albanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Hesychasmism
  - Palamism
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
  - Belarusian Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- (Noncanonical/Independent Eastern Orthodox Churches)
  - Old Calendarists (a.k.a. "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox")
  - Russian Old Believers (a.k.a. "Old Ritualists")
    - Bezpopovtsy
    - Popovtsy
Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Coptic Orthodox Church
- Syriac Orthodox Church
  - Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Eritrean Orthodox Church
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
Spiritual Christianity
- Doukhobor
- Khlyst
- Molokan
- Skoptsy

Western Christianity

Proto-Protestantism
- Brethren of the Free Spirit (Historical)
- Hussites (Historical)
  - Czech Brethren
  - Moravians
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Strigolniki (Historical)
- Waldensians
Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Black church
  - Black theology
- Christian deism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
- Jesuism
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Pentecostalism
- Quakers ("Friends")
- Reformed churches
  - Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism")
  - Arminianism
    - Remonstrants
  - Christian reconstructionism
  - Congregational churches
  - Continental Reformed churches
  - Neo-Calvinism
  - New Calvinism
  - Presbyterianism
  - Zwinglianism
- Reformed Eastern Christianity
- Restoration movement
  - Adventism
    - Seventh-day Adventist Church
  - Christadelphians
  - Churches of Christ
  - Cooneyites
  - Iglesia ni Cristo
  - Bible Student movement
  - Latter Day Saint movement
  - Millerism (Historical)
  - Stone-Campbell movement (a.k.a. "Campbellites")
  - Two by Twos (a.k.a. "No name church" and "Workers and Friends")^[11]
- Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church")
- Unitarianism
Roman Catholic Church/Latin Church (a.k.a. "Roman Catholicism" or "Catholicism")

Syncretic

Other

Islam

Khawarij

Azraqi (Historical)
Haruriyyah (Historical)
Ibadi
Najdat (Historical)
Sufri (Historical)

Shia Islam

Alevism
Alawites (Nusayris)
Isma'ilism
- Mustaali
  - Dawoodi Bohra
  - Sulaymani
- Nizari
Twelver
- Ja'fari jurisprudence
  - Akhbari
  - Shaykhism
  - Usuli
Zaidiyyah
- Jarudiyah
- Batriyya

Sufism

Sunni Islam

Kalam/Fiqh
- Ash'ari
  - Maliki
  - Shafi'i
  - Hanbali
- Maturidi
  - Hanafi
    - Barelvi
    - Deobandi
    - Gedimu
Athari
- Salafi
- Islamic Modernism
Muʿtazila
Satpanth

Syncretic

Other

Judaism

Kabbalah

Non-Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism

Conservative Judaism (قالب:A.k.a. Masorti Judaism)
Humanistic Judaism
Jewish Renewal
Orthodox Judaism
- Haredi Judaism (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox)
- Modern Orthodox Judaism
  - Religious Zionism
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reform Judaism

Historical Judaism

Essenes
- Bana'im
- Hemerobaptists (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
- Maghāriya
- Nasoraeans (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
Hypsistarianism
Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
Zealots (Judea)
- Sicarii
Messianic sects
Sabbateans
- Frankism
Second Temple Judaism
Frankism

Other Abrahamic

Iranian religions

Manichaeism

Athinganoi (Historical)
Chinese Manichaeism

Yazdânism

Zoroastrianism

Behafaridians (Historical)
Ilm-e-Khshnoom
Khurramites (Historical)
Mazdakism (Historical)
- Mazdaznan
Zurvanism

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms.

African

Traditional African

Diasporic African

Abakuá
Arara religion
Candomblé
- Candomblé Bantu
- Candomblé Jejé
- Candomblé Ketu
Comfa
Convince
Cuban Vodú
Dominican Vudú
Espiritismo
Haitian Vodou
Hoodoo
Kélé
Kumina
Louisiana Voodoo
Montamentu
Myal
Obeah
Palo
Quimbanda
Santería
Tambor de Mina
Trinidad Orisha
Umbanda
Winti
- Saramaka religion

Altaic

American

Austroasiatic

Austronesian

Caucasian

Dravidian

Indo-European

Melanesian and Aboriginal

Negrito

Paleosiberian

Sino-Tibetan

Tai and Miao

Uralic

Other

Beduin shamanism

New religious movements

Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.^[12]

Cargo cults

New ethnic religions

Black

Black Hebrew Israelites

Rastafari

White

Native American

World Religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

Chinese salvationist religions

Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams")
Dejiao ("Teaching of Virtue")
Huangjidao ("Way of the Imperial Pole")
Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky")
Huazhaidao ("Way of Flowers and Fasting")
Jiugongdao ("Way of the Nine Palaces")
Luandao ("Phoenix Way")
Luoism ("Way of Luo")
- Chinese religions of fasting
  - Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
    - Guiyidao ("Way of the Return to the One")
    - Shengdao ("Holy Way")
    - Yaochidao ("Way of the Mother of Pearl Lake")
    - Yiguandao ("Persistent Way")
      - Haizidao
    - Yixin Tiandao ("Heart-bound Heavenly Way")
- Dacheng
- Hongyangism
Maitreyanism
Sanyiism
Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man")
Taigu school
Tiandihui
Tiandiism
Tianguangdao ("Way of the Heavenly Light")
Tianxian Miaodao ("Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
Weixinism
White Lotus
Xuanyuandao ("Way of Xuanyuan")
Yellow Sand Society
Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle)
Zhongyongdao ("Way of the Golden Mean")

Hindu reform movements

Muist-derived

Neo-Buddhism

Perennial and interfaith

Shinshukyo

Sikh-derived

Contemporary Sant Mat movements
- Advait Mat
- Radha Soami
- Radha Soami-influenced^[17]
- Ravidassia

Modern paganism

Ethnic neopaganism

Hetanism
Baltic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Romuva
Caucasian neopaganism
- Abkhaz neopaganism
- Assianism
Celtic neopaganism
- Celtic reconstructionist paganism
- Druidry
Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
Hellenism
Heraka
Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Nova Roma
- Roman Traditional Movement
Kemetism
- Kemetic Orthodoxy
Semitic neopaganism
Rodnovery (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)
Uralic neopaganism
Zalmoxianism
Zuism

Syncretic neopaganism

Entheogenic religions

New Age Movement

New Thought

Parody religions and fiction-based religions

Church of Euthanasia
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism")
Church of the SubGenius
Dinkoism
Discordianism
Dudeism
Earthseed
- Terasem
Iglesia Maradoniana
Jediism
Kibology
Kopimism
Landover Baptist Church
Last Thursdayism
The Nine Divines
'Pataphysics
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
United Church of Bacon

Post-theistic and naturalistic religions

UFO religions

Western esotericism

Historical religions

Prehistoric Religion

Cucuteni–Trypillia religion
Funnelbeaker religion
Hemudu religion
Hongshan religion
Linear Pottery religion
Paleolithic religion
- Urreligion (theorized)
  - Urmonotheismus (theorized)
Varna religion

Bronze Age

Classical antiquity

Medieval Period

Other categorisations

By demographics

List of religious populations

By area

References

^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "About - the Parapsychological Association".
^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
^ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
^ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.
^ "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
^ Melton 2003, p. 611.
^ Clarke 2006.
^ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
^ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
^ Melton 2003, p. 997.
^ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
^ Clarke 2006, Radhasoami movements.
^ Laycock, Joseph P. Reitman (2012). "We Are Spirits of Another Sort". Nova Religio. 15 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65.

Sources

Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6.
Doniger, Wendy, ed. (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666.
Eliade, Mircea, ed. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 16-volume Set. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0029094801.
Melton, J. Gordon (2003) [1978]. Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. Vol. 6-volume Set (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.

External links

[1] (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)

[2] "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[3] "About - the Parapsychological Association".

[4] "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.

[5] Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.

[6] Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89

[7] Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.

[Tattwananda-8] أ ^ب ^ت Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.

[9] Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.

[Httpwwwjainworldcomsocietiesjainsectsasp-10] "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.

[FOOTNOTEMelton2003611-11] Melton 2003, p. 611.

[FOOTNOTEClarke2006-12] Clarke 2006.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031001-13] Melton 2003, p. 1001.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031004-14] Melton 2003, p. 1004.

[FOOTNOTEMelton2003997-15] Melton 2003, p. 997.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031112-16] Melton 2003, p. 1112.

[FOOTNOTEClarke2006507–509Radhasoami_movements-17] Clarke 2006, Radhasoami movements.

[18] Laycock, Joseph P. Reitman (2012). "We Are Spirits of Another Sort". Nova Religio. 15 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65.

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قائمة الأديان والتقاليد الروحانية

Eastern religions

Dharmic religions

Buddhism

Dharmic philosophy schools

Hinduism

Jainism

Sikhism

Yoga

East Asian religions

Chinese folk religion

Chinese philosophy schools

Confucianism

Japonic religions

Koreanic religions

Taoism

Vietnamese religions

Middle Eastern religions

Abrahamic religions

Christianity

Islam

Judaism

Other Abrahamic

Iranian religions

Manichaeism

Yazdânism

Zoroastrianism

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

African

Traditional African

Diasporic African

Altaic

American

Austroasiatic

Austronesian

Caucasian

Dravidian

Indo-European

Melanesian and Aboriginal

Negrito

Paleosiberian

Sino-Tibetan

Tai and Miao

Uralic

Other

New religious movements

Cargo cults

New ethnic religions

Black

White

Native American

World Religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

Chinese salvationist religions

Hindu reform movements

Muist-derived

Neo-Buddhism

Perennial and interfaith

Shinshukyo

Sikh-derived

Modern paganism

Ethnic neopaganism

Syncretic neopaganism

Entheogenic religions

New Age Movement

New Thought

Parody religions and fiction-based religions

Post-theistic and naturalistic religions

UFO religions

Western esotericism

Historical religions

Prehistoric Religion

Bronze Age

Classical antiquity

Medieval Period

Other categorisations

By demographics

By area

See also

References