قائمة أحفورات التطور البشري
القائمة التالية لأشهر حفريات الرئيسيات المتكشفة المرتبطة بتطور الإنسان.[1]
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أواخر الميوسيني
7 مليون- 5.3 مليون سنة مضت
الاسم | العمر | الأنواع | سنة الاكتشاف |
البلد | المكتشف | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7 Ma[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | تشاد | Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | |
BAR 1000'00 | 6 Ma[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | كنيا | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, |
الپليوسيني
5.3 مليون - 2.58 مليون سنة مضت
الپلايستوسيني
أواخر الپلايستوسيني: 2.58 مليون - 300,000
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الحجري القديم الوسيط: 300,000 - 50,000 سنة مضت
Upper Paleolithic: 50,000 - 10,000 years old
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هولوسين
العصر الحجري الوسيط/الحديث: 10,000 - 5000 سنة مضت
الاسم | العمر | النوع | سنة الاكتشاف |
البلد | اكتشفها | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
إمرأة لا بريا | حوالي 10,000 | الإنسان العاقل | 1914 | الولايات المتحدة | ||
إنسار تشدار | 9k | 1903 | المملكة المتحدة | |||
Kow Swamp 1 | 9k - 13k | الإنسان العاقل | 1968 | أستراليا | A.G. Thorne | |
Afalou 13[بحاجة لمصدر] | 8k - 12k | الإنسان العاقل | 1920 | الجزائر | C. Arambourg | |
وادي حلفا 25 | 8k - 12k | الإنسان العاقل | 1963 | السودان | G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene | |
وادي كوبانية | 8,000 - 20,000 | الإنسان العاقل | 1982 | مصر | فرد وندورف | |
Lo 4b[بحاجة لمصدر] | 6k - 9k | الإنسان العاقل | 1965 | H. Robbins B.M. Lynch | ||
Tepexpan man | 5k - 11k | الإنسان العاقل | 1947 | المكسيك | H. de Terra | |
SDM 16704 | 4.9k - 11.8 | الإنسان العاقل | 1929 | الولايات المتحدة | M.J. Rogers |
اختصارات تستم في تسمية الحفريات
- AL - Afar Locality, Ethiopia
- ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- ER - East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
- KGA - Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
- KNM - Kenya National Museum
- KP - Kanapoi, Kenya
- OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
- SK - Swartkrans, South Africa
- Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, South Africa
- TM - Transvaal Museum, South Africa
- TM - Toros-Menalla, Chad
- WT - West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya
انظر أيضاً
قراءات إضافية
- Gibbons, Ann. The First Human : The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
- Hartwig, Walter, ed. (2002. Reprinted 2004). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2
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(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link). - Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy : The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R (Editors). (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history). - Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered : In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention : Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
- Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human : The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden : The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
- Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey : The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
- Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma : Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
- Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-846-14140-9
- Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
- Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus : The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
- van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
- Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones : In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld and Nicholson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
- Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn : Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0715636589
- Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E (1985). 'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4 (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
- Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press (2002). ISBN 0-713-99625-0
الهامش
- ^ "Prominent Hominid Fossils". Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- ^ http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/toumai.html
- ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar-100200
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8285180.stm
- ^ http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/156/4/731.abstract
- ^ أ ب ت Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (6 June 1970). "Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya". Nature. 226 (5249): 918–921. doi:10.1038/226918a0. PMID 16057594
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) Key details from select sources - ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330720104/abstract
- ^ https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/anamensis.htm
- ^ http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00467.html
- ^ Jonathan, Amos. "African fossils put new spin on human origins story". http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml. BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|work=
- ^ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005), p.286
- ^ http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080326/full/news.2008.691.html
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/11/08/1010906107.full.pdf
- ^ Qafzeh IX
- ^ http://anthropology.net/2008/05/26/new-hominin-remains-from-uzbekistan-are-kinda-sorta-neandertal-like/
- ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/f-teshik-tash
- ^ http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=54
- ^ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2011/september/mystery-of-a-west-african-skull-from-13000-years-ago103799.html
- Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans. Westview Press, Boulder CO. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Larsen, Clark Spencer, Matter, Robert M, Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Smithsonian Human Origins Program". Retrieved 2006-08-29.
- "Prominent Hominid Fossils". Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- Grine, F.E; Jungers, W.L; Schultz, J. (1996). "Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 30 (3): 189–225. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.