عود هندي

عود هندي
Aquilaria malaccensis - Agar Wood, Eaglewood - Indian Aloewood at Munnar (2).jpg
Aquilaria malaccensis at Munnar
التصنيف العلمي edit
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Aquilaria
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/AquilariaA. malaccensis
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/AquilariaAquilaria malaccensis
Synonyms

A. agallocha[2][3]
A. secundaria,[2][3]
A. malaccense[3]
Agalochum malaccense[3]

لعدم الخلط مع agar agar أو agar agar.

Aquilaria malaccensis (هندي: अगर, agaru; أسامية: সাঁচিগছ, sānci; عربية: عود هندي, تر. Indian oud) or agar is a species of lign-aloe tree in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, also Thailand. It is threatened by habitat loss.[4]

The World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al., 1998) listed Iran as one of the countries with a population of A. malaccensis. The exploratory 2002 CITES review confirmed that Iran has no record of the species. As a result, Iran is no longer considered as habitat for or producer of agarwood.[5]

Uses

Agarwood

المقالة الرئيسية: Agarwood

Aquilaria malaccensis is the major source[6] of agarwood, a resinous heartwood, used for perfume and incense.[2] The resin is produced by the tree in response to infection by a parasitic ascomycetous mould, Phaeoacremonium parasitica,[7] a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Agarwood is widely used in perfume industry, especially amongst Arabic brands. However, some European brands also claim to use natural agarwood oil in almost every perfume (for example: Montale[8] and its perfume Wild Aoud[9]).

Sanchipat manuscript, made from the bark of Aquilaria malaccensis

Sanchipat

المقالة الرئيسية: Sanchipat

The bark of Aquilaria malaccensis is used in the traditional Assamese manuscript, the sanchipat. It is a strung manuscript similar in construction to a palm-leaf manuscript. The bark of Aquilaria malaccensis is degummed and treated with toxic minerals to make it anti-fungal and pest resistant, helping it last in Assam's humid tropical environment.[10]

Threats

Due to rising demand for agarwood, as well as shortcomings in monitoring harvests and an increasing illegal trade, A. malaccensis is on the brink of extinction in the wild and is now considered critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Due to large-scale logging operations, many forested areas where A. malaccensis was once abundant have been destroyed.[11]

Conservation

Despite its endangerment, Aquilaria malaccensis is highly adaptable and can also perform well in areas contaminated by pollution. Due to this, conservation plans have been set in place to raise agarwood in contaminated areas as well as homestead gardens.[11]

Aquilaria malaccensis – agar wood, eaglewood – Indian aloewood, Munnar
Aquilaria malaccensis

References

  1. ^ Harvey-Brown, Y. (2018). "Aquilaria malaccensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T32056A2810130. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T32056A2810130.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ أ ب ت Broad, S. (1995) "Agarwood harvesting in Vietnam" TRAFFIC Bulletin 15:96
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Anonymous (November 2003) "Alex 2: Review of Significant Trade: Aquilaria malaccensis" Significant trade in plants: Implementation of Resolution Conf. 12.8: Progress in the Implementation of Species Reviews (CITES PC14 Doc.9.2.2) Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Fourteenth meeting of the Plants Committee, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna also Flora, Windhoek, Namibia
  4. ^ Barden, Angela (2000) Heart of the Matters: Agarwood Use and Trade also CITES Implementation for Aquilaria malaccensis "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, ISBN 1-85850-177-6
  5. ^ -PC14 -09-02-02-A2.pdf page 47[dead link]
  6. ^ Ng, L.T., Chang Y.S. and Kadir, A.A. (1997) "A review on agar (gaharu) producing Aquilaria species" Journal of Tropical Forest Products 2(2): pp. 272-285
  7. ^ formerly Phialophora parasitica Crous, P. W. et al. (1996) "Phaeoacremonium gen. nov. associated with wilt and decline diseases of woody hosts and human infections." Mycologia 88(5): pp. 786–796
  8. ^ "Духи Montale. Описание бренда монталь, история montale, духов, которые очаровывают" (in الروسية). Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  9. ^ "Лучшие духи Montale - Популярная парфюмерия Монталь - Самые известные ароматы Montale". montalecompany.ru. Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  10. ^ Dutta, Robin K.; Ali, Asadulla A.; Goswami, Barsha R.; Ligira, Niranjan (2022-12-10), Sāncipāt: a popular manuscript writing base of early Assam, North East India, 123, Indian Academy of Sciences, doi:10.18520/CS/V123/I11/1359-1364 
  11. ^ أ ب "Home gardens and polluted fields are helping conserve this perfume source". india.mongabay.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
?
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=عود_هندي&oldid=4209713"