سانتوس
سانتوس (القديسون) Santos ميناء رئيسي للبرازيل. يقع على الساحل الجنوبي الشرقي للبرازيل، في ولاية ساو پاولو ويبعد حوالي 40 كم من مدينة ساو پاولو الكبيرة. عدد السكان 486,810 نسمة. وأقيمت سانتوس على جزيرة صغيرة متصلة بالبر الرئيسي للبلاد بجسور. ويساهم إنتاج الحديد والمعادن والمنتجات البترولية والطاقة الكهربائية في اقتصاد المدينة. ويعمل كثير من الذين يقطنون سانتوس في مدينة ساو پاولو.
سـانـتـوس
Santos | |
|---|---|
| Estância Balneária de Santos | |
من أعلى اليسار إلى اليمين: buildings on the edge of town; Monument of the 100 Years of Japanese Immigration in Roberto Mário Santini Park; beach front garden; Channel 6 of the city's drainage system; Ponta da Praia landmark and view of Santos Bay; cargo ship at the entrance to the Port of Santos; and panoramic view of the Santos waterfront. | |
.svg) Flag  Seal | |
| الشعار: Patriam Charitatem et Libertatem Docui (اللاتينية: للوطن الذي علمته المحبة والحرية) | |
 الموقع في ولاية ساو پاولو والبرازيل | |
  سـانـتـوس الموقع في ولاية ساو پاولو والبرازيل | |
| الإحداثيات: 23°56′13″S 46°19′30″W / 23.93694°S 46.32500°WCoordinates: 23°56′13″S 46°19′30″W / 23.93694°S 46.32500°W | |
| البلد | البرازيل |
| المنطقة | منطقة الجنوب الشرقي |
| الولاية | ولاية ساو پاولو |
| استـُوطِنت | 1546 |
| Incorporated | 1839 |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة | João Paulo Tavares Papa (PMDB) |
| المساحة | |
| • بلدية | 280٫3 كم² (108٫2 ميل²) |
| • العمران | 2٬373 كم² (916٫2 ميل²) |
| التعداد (2020)[1] | |
| • بلدية | 433٬656 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬500/km2 (4٬000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1٬897٬551 |
| صفة المواطن | Santista |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Postal Code | 11000-000 |
| HDI (2010) | 0,840 – very high[2] (UNDP) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | santos |
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وفي بداية القرن السادس عشر أقام النبيل البرتغالي براس كوباس مستوطنة على المنطقة التي تقع بها مدينة سانتوس حالياً.[3] ويقع معظمها على جزيرة ساو ڤيسنتي، التي تضم بجانب مدينة سانتوس، مدينة ساو ڤيسنتي. وصارت سانتوس بلدة في عام 1586. وفي الستينيات من القرن التاسع عشر أنُشئت خطوط السكك الحديدية بين سانتوس وساو باولو، الأمر الذي حَوَّل سانتوس إلى مركز تجاري. It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista.[4] The population is 433,656 (2020 est.) in an area of 280.67 km2 (108.37 sq mi).[5] The city is home to the Coffee Museum, where world coffee prices were once negotiated. There is also a football memorial, dedicated to the city's greatest players, which includes Pelé, who spent the majority of his career with Santos Futebol Clube. Its beachfront garden, 5,335 m (5,834 yd) in length, figures in Guinness World Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world.
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التاريخ
الاستعمار المبكر
There are reports about the island of São Vicente just two years after the official discovery of Brazil, in 1502, with the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci to explore the Brazilian coast. When passing through the island formerly named Goiaó (or Guaiaó) by the natives, the expedition decided to give it the name of Sao Vincente, for the day's saint. [6][7][8] However, in 1531, due to the decline of the Portuguese crown's business in India, Brazil rose on importance. King D. João III sent for a squad for the demarcation of territories on the island of São Vicente. The captain, Martim Afonso de Sousa, discovered a small village and a dock, known as Porto de São Vicente. One of the exiles brought by Amerigo Vespucci's expedition, Cosme Fernandes, had founded the trading village, which had boomed. Miguel Alfonso took the town by force, granting land on the island to settlers. [6][7][8] In 1543, with the completion of the construction of a chapel on a hillock in honor of Santa Catarina by Luís de Góis, Brás Cubas ordered the port to be moved to the site of Enguaguaçu, which was calmer. The town booked to facilitate the trade that was unlocked with this move. The Portuguese nobleman ordered the construction of Brazil's second, and at the time only hospital, as Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia is closed, similar to the Santa Casa de Lisboa. The hospital was called Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Todos os Santos in Olinda was closed. [9][10] The new town of Enguaguaçu was then known as the town of Todos os Santos. There is speculation that the name Santos would come from the port of Santos in Lisbon, similar to the location of the new settlement. Hence, the region close to Outeiro was known as "Vila do Porto de Santos", and later, just "Santos". [6][7][8]
الجغرافيا
Santos is about 31 km (19 mi) from the metropolis São Paulo, capital of the state São Paulo, which is also the most populous city in Brazil.
The municipality contains the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, created in 1993, the first marine park to be created by the state.[11] It is divided into two distinct geographic areas: the heavily urbanized island and the continental area, about 70% of which is protected.[بحاجة لمصدر] The areas differ radically in terms of population, economy and geograph
الشواطئ
- José Menino Beach
- Pompeia Beach
- Gonzaga Beach
- Boqueirão Beach
- Embaré Beach
- Aparecida Beach
- Ponta da Praia Beach
الجزر
- Urubuqueçaba Island
- Barnabé Island
- Diana Island
المناخ
Despite the fact that it is located just outside the tropics, Santos has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with no real dry season.[12] Tropical rainforest climates are typically found near the equator, so Santos featuring this type of climate is an exceptional situation. All months of the year averages more than 60 mm of rainfall during the course of the year. Santos features warm weather throughout the year, though June in Santos is somewhat cooler (and drier) than January. Mean temperatures in the city are around 19 °C during wintertime and around 25 °C in the summer months. Precipitation in Santos is very high, amounting to around 2,000 mm (78.7 in) annually. Santos lies in one of the few isolated regions of Brazil outside of the tropical Amazon Basin that receive more than 2,000 mm (79 in) of total average precipitation annually, although nearby Ubatuba, approximately 140 km (87 mi) to the east-northeast, is considerably wetter than Santos, receiving an average of 2,645 mm (104.1 in) of precipitation annually.
| بيانات مناخ سانتوس، البرازيل (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 37.7 (99.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
35.8 (96.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
37.8 (100) |
37.4 (99.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
37.9 (100.2) |
39٫0 (102٫2) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 28.6 (83.5) |
28.9 (84) |
28.1 (82.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.8 (73) |
22.8 (73) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25٫4 (77٫7) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 25.5 (77.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22٫3 (72٫1) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 22.2 (72) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
17.2 (63) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19٫1 (66٫4) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | 14.6 (58.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
6٫2 (43٫2) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 255.9 (10.075) |
220.3 (8.673) |
221.1 (8.705) |
193.6 (7.622) |
144.3 (5.681) |
106.2 (4.181) |
121.6 (4.787) |
78.4 (3.087) |
130.2 (5.126) |
146.0 (5.748) |
162.0 (6.378) |
210.9 (8.303) |
1٬990٫6 (78٫37) |
| % Humidity | 79 | 80 | 83 | 83 | 81 | 81 | 77 | 75 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 79 | 79٫9 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 132 |
| Sunshine hours | 155.8 | 149.4 | 153.8 | 144.9 | 158.7 | 141.3 | 153.0 | 136.3 | 88.3 | 107.8 | 132.3 | 134.3 | 1٬655٫9 |
| Source: INMET[13] | |||||||||||||
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الاقتصاد
ميناء سانتوس هو أكبر ميناء بحري في أمريكا اللاتينية، وتناول 96 مليون طن و 2.7 مليون حاوية في 2010. ويضم أكبر المجمعات الصناعية ومراكز الشحن، التي تتناول جزء كبير من صادرات البن إلى العالم، وكذلك عدداً من الصادرات البرازيلية بما في ذلك الصلب والنفط والسيارات والبرتقال والموز والقطن.
وفي 2014، كانت بلدية سانتوس سادس أكبر مدينة مصدرة، حسب القيمة، في البرازيل بتجارة قيمتها 4.36 مليار دولار من البضائع.[14] The top four products exported from Santos were raw sugar (23% of total exports), refined petroleum (16%), coffee (15%), and soybeans (13%).[15][16]
النقل
المطار والقاعدة الجوية
Santos Air Force Base - BAST, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in the adjoining city of Guarujá.
The city will be served by Guarujá Civil Metropolitan Aerodrome, located in Guarujá.
أشخاص بارزون
- Gylmar dos Santos Neves - Former Santos FC football player and two-time FIFA World Cup champion (1958 and 1962 ) with Brazilian National Football Team
- پيپي - Former Santos FC football player and two-time FIFA World Cup champion (1958 and 1962) with Brazilian National Football Team
- نيمار- Former Santos FC football player and now Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Football player.
- پيليه - Former Santos FC football player, three-time FIFA World Cup champion (1958, 1962 and 1970) with Brazilian National Football Team. Best football player of all time, Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee and one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century by Time Magazine.
المدن الشقيقة
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ IBGE 2020
- ^ "IDHM ranking" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
- ^ "The City of Santos". www.seemannsmission.org. Adelar Schünke and Lukas Müller. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- ^ Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de São Paulo, Lei Complementar Nº 815
- ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
- ^ أ ب ت Santos. "História". Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- ^ أ ب ت Fundação Arquivo e Memória de Santos. "Biblioteca Virtual". Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- ^ أ ب ت Benedito Lima de Toledo. "A Cidade de Santos: Iconografia e História" (PDF). Universidade de São Paulo. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- ^ "Catálogo - ID: 44158". IBGE. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ "A Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Olinda e seu prestigio social e político em Pernambuco". ABHR.
- ^ (in pt)O Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos, Instituto Laje Viva, http://www.lajeviva.org.br/parque/, retrieved on 2017-01-20
- ^ Climate Summary for Santos, São Paulo
- ^ "NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961-1990" (in البرتغالية). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ DataViva. "Brazilian International Trade by Municipality (2014)", DataViva. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
- ^ DataViva. "Exports of Santos (2014)", DataViva. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
- ^ DataViva. "International Trade Data - Santos (2014)", DataViva. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
وصلات خارجية
- ^ "2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.