المعرفة

حادث الغواصة تيتان 2023

في 18 يونيو 2023، فُقدت الغاطسة تيتان التي تشغلها شركة أوشن گيت شمال المحيط الأطلسي قبالة نيوفاوندلاند، كندا. كانت الغواصة في رحلة سياحية لشاهدة حطام السفينة تيتانيك، وعلى متنها خمسة أشخاص. فُقد الاتصال مع الغواصة بعد ساعة و45 دقيقة من غوصها نحو موقع الحطام، وتم إخطار السلطات عندما لم تظهر مرة أخرى في الوقت المحدد في وقت لاحق من ذلك اليوم.[1][2] الغواصة توفر هواء للتنفس مدة أربعة أيام، الذي من المتوقع أن ينفد في 22 يونيو 2023.[3]

حادث الغواصة تيتان 2023
الغواصة تيتان.jpg
الغواصة تيتان.
موقع حطام السفينة تيتانيك، حيث تغوص تيتان.
التاريخ18 يونيو 2023 – الحاضر
الموقعالمحيط الأطلسي، بالقرب من حطام السفينة تيتانيك
المشاركونأوشن گيت
النتائجالغواصة مفقودة، عمليات البحث والإنقاذ جارية
المفقودات5

Coordinates: 41°43′32″N 49°56′49″W / 41.72556°N 49.94694°W / 41.72556; -49.94694

قبل غوصها، سبق وأثيرت مخاوف حول سلامة الغواصة.[4] جهود البحث والإنقاذ يقودها خفر السواحل الأمريكي والبحرية الأمريكية وخفر السواحل الكندي.[5]

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خلفية

تيتاينك

The Titanic was a British ocean liner that sank in the North Atlantic on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg. In 1985, the wreckage was discovered on the ocean floor around 400 nautical miles (740 km) from the coast of Newfoundland.[6] The wreck lies at a depth of about 3,810 metres (12,500 feet; 2,080 fathoms).[7]

الغواصة تيتان

انظر أيضاً: أوشن جيت
 
OceanGate's Cyclops 1, an earlier version of the Titan. The Titan only possesses one 15 inch window.

Titan is a five-person submersible vessel operated by OceanGate, Inc. According to OceanGate, it is designed to dive as deep as 4,000 m (13,000 ft) "for site survey and inspection, research and data collection, film and media production, and deepsea testing of hardware and software."[8]

The 22-foot-long (6.7 m), 10,432 kg (23,000 lb) vessel is constructed from carbon fibre and titanium.[8] The entire pressure vessel consists of two titanium hemispheres, two matching titanium interface rings, and the 142 cm (56 in) internal diameter, 2.4-meter-long (7.9 ft) carbon fibre wound cylinder.[9] One of the titanium hemispherical end caps is fitted with a 380 mm-diameter (15 in) acrylic window.[10] Its steering controls consist of a Logitech G F710 (a wireless game controller) with modified analog sticks.[11][12][13] It moves at up to 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical.[14]

According to OceanGate, the vessel contains monitoring systems to continuously monitor the strength of the hull.[8] The vessel has life support for five crew members for 96 hours.[8] There is no on-board navigation system; the support ship, which monitors the position of Titan relative to its target, sends text messages to Titan providing distances and directions.[15]

رحلات تيتان الاستكشافية

Typically, each dive has a pilot, three paying passengers, and a guide on board.[1] Once these people are inside the submersible, the hatch is bolted shut and must be reopened from the outside.[16] The descent from the surface to the Titanic typically takes three hours,[17] with the full dive taking approximately eight hours.[1] Throughout the journey, the submersible is expected to emit a safety ping every 15 minutes to be monitored by the above-water crew.[6] The vessel and surface crew can also communicate via short text messages.[18]

Customers who travel to the Titanic with OceanGate, referred to as "mission specialists" by the company,[19] spend US$250,000 to be involved in the eight-day expedition.[1][20]

Technology writer and reporter David Pogue, who completed the expedition in 2022 as part of a CBS News Sunday Morning feature,[21] stated that all passengers who enter the Titan sign a waiver confirming their knowledge that it is an "experimental" vessel "that has not been approved or certified by any regulatory body, and could result in physical injury, disability, emotional trauma or death."[22] Television producer Mike Reiss, who has also completed the expedition, noted that the waiver "mention[s] death three times on page one."[23] On this expedition, the communication system also failed on one of the dives, preventing the crew from finding the wreckage. Rush stated that the passengers aboard would receive a free expedition the following year. It's unclear if any of those passengers are on the missing submersible.[21]

OceanGate intended to conduct multiple expeditions to the Titanic in 2023, but because of poor weather in Newfoundland, the company has only launched a single expedition so far in 2023.[1][17]

المخاوف السابقة

In 2018, the Marine Technology Society wrote a letter to OceanGate CEO Stockton Rush expressing "unanimous concern regarding the development of 'TITAN' and the planned Titanic Expedition", indicating that the "current experimental approach ... could result in negative outcomes (from minor to catastrophic) that would have serious consequences for everyone in the industry".[24] A signatory of the letter later told The New York Times that Rush had called him after reading it to tell him that he believed industry standards were stifling innovation.[4]

In 2018, OceanGate sued former OceanGate submersible pilot and director of marine operations David Lochridge for allegedly breaching his confidentiality contract and making fraudulent statements.[25] In his counterclaim, Lochridge claimed he had been wrongfully terminated as a whistleblower for bringing up concerns about the Titan's ability to safely operate at extreme depths, stating the vessel — specifically the transparent viewport on its forward end — was only certified to reach a depth of 1,300 m (4,300 ft), only a third of the depth required to reach the Titanic.[26] Lochridge was also concerned that OceanGate wouldn't perform nondestructive testing on the vessel's hull before undertaking manned dives, and alleged that he was "repeatedly told that no scan of the hull or Bond Line could be done to check for delaminations, porosity and voids of sufficient adhesion of the glue being used due to the thickness of the hull".[26][27][28] OceanGate and Lochridge settled a few months later.[26][29]

 
Logitech F710 game controller. A modified version was used aboard the Titan.

The following year, an article published in Smithsonian magazine referred to Rush as a "daredevil inventor".[30] In the article, Rush is described as having said the U.S. Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 "needlessly prioritized passenger safety over commercial innovation".[30][31]

ڤيديو خارجي
  CBS Sunday Morning / David Pogue report on OceanGate, broadcast November 27, 2022 (YouTube)

The Titan has made three expeditions to the Titanic wreck site, the first of which was in July 2021.[32] In 2022, reporter David Pogue was onboard the surface ship when communication to the Titan was lost during a dive.[33] Pogue's December 2022 report for CBS Sunday Morning, which questioned Titan's safety, went viral on social media after the submersible again lost contact with its support ship in June 2023.[34] In the report, Pogue commented to Rush that "it seems like this submersible has some elements of MacGyvery jerry-rigged-ness". He noted that a $30 Logitech F710 Bluetooth game controller with modified control sticks is used to steer and pitch the submersible, and that construction pipes were used as ballast.[35]

In a 2022 dive to the Titanic, one of the thrusters on the Titan was accidentally installed backwards and the submersible started spinning in circles when trying to move forward near the sea floor. As documented by the BBC documentary Take Me to Titanic, the issue was bypassed by steering while holding the game controller sideways.[36][37] According to November 2022 court filings, OceanGate reported that in a 2022 dive the submersible suffered from battery issues and as a result had to be manually attached to a lifting platform, causing damage to external components.[38][39]

الحادث

خط زمني للأحداث

 
Starting point of the Polar Prince (1) and destination in the area of the wreck of the Titanic, where contact with Titan was lost (2)
 
The MV Polar Prince transported Titan and the expedition's crew to the dive site above the wreck of the Titanic.

On 16 June, the expedition to the Titanic departed from St. John's, Newfoundland, aboard the research and expedition ship MV Polar Prince. The ship arrived at the dive site on 17 June, and the dive operation began the following day on 18 June at 9:00 ADT.[19] For the first hour and a half of the descent, the Titan communicated with the Polar Prince every 15 minutes, but communication stopped after a recorded communication at 11:47 ADT.[19] The vessel was expected to resurface at 18:10 ADT.[19] Authorities were notified about the incident at 18:35 ADT.[19] The submersible had up to 96 hours of breathable air supply for its five passengers when it set out,[32] which was estimated to expire in the morning of 22 June 2023.[3]

Many errors could have occurred. One possibility is that the Titan's communication equipment may have failed, meaning they cannot communicate with the surface crew but can freely navigate. It is also possible there is a problem with the ballast system, which is responsible for managing the vessel's buoyancy. Another scenario is that the Titan became snared or fouled on a piece of debris, preventing ascent.[40] It may also have suffered damage or a mechanical failure that caused the submersible to implode, which would have killed the occupants instantly.[41][3]


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الأشخاص على متن الغواصة

عمليات البحث والإنقاذ

The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and Canadian Coast Guard are leading the search-and-rescue efforts.[5] Aircraft from the Royal Canadian Air Force and United States Air National Guard are also assisting in the search.[46][47]

The search involves both a surface search and an underwater sonar search.[22]

19 يونيو

Crews from the Northeast Sector of the United States Coast Guard, based in Boston, launched search missions 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) from the shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[48][49] Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax reported that a Royal Canadian Air Force Lockheed CP-140 Aurora aircraft and CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752 are participating in the search in response to a request for assistance by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Boston made on 18 June at 21:13 ADT.[46][50]

The U.S. Coast Guard has indicated that the search-and-rescue mission is difficult because of the remote location, but Rear Admiral John Mauger has stated that they are "deploying all available assets".[20] Beyond the difficulty in reaching the location, all search-and-rescue operations are hindered by "weather conditions, the lack of light at night, the state of the sea and water temperature".[40] While many submersibles are equipped "with an acoustic device, often called a pinger, which emits sounds that can be detected underwater by rescuers", it is unclear whether the Titan has such a device.[40]

The search involved three C-130 Hercules aircraft, two from the United States and one from Canada;[22][43](p. 4) a P-8 Poseidon aircraft from the United States and sonar buoys.[51] Neither country has underwater vessels capable of easily assisting in the search-and-rescue missions.[40] The U.S. Navy has one submarine rescue vehicle, although the vessel cannot reach the Titan's potential depth. The Navy also has remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), but these vessels may not arrive at the site in time.[40] Search-and-rescue was also hampered by low visibility weather conditions, which cleared on Tuesday.[52]

20 يونيو

 
Deep Energy (pictured in the Netherlands, 2015) arrived with two ROVs on June 20.

The pipe-laying ship Deep Energy, operated by TechnipFMC, arrived on site on 20 June 2023 with two ROVs and other equipment suited to the seabed depths in the area.[53] As of 10:15 ADT, the U.S. Coast Guard had searched 10,000 square miles (26,000 km2).[54] Later in the day, the U.S. Navy announced they were sending experts and a Flyaway Deep Ocean Salvage System (FADOSS) ship lift system, which is designed to lift large and heavy objects from the deep sea.[55] The support was expected to arrive Tuesday evening.[55] An Air National Guard C-130 also joined in the search-and-rescue mission, with plans for two more to join by the end of the day.[47]

The U.S. Coast Guard reported that additional ships and ROVs were en route to assist with the search: CCGS John Cabot, CCGS Ann Harvey, CCGS Terry Fox, Atlantic Merlin (ROV)[56], MV Horizon Arctic, Skandi Vinland (ROV), French Research Vessel L'Atalante (ROV), and HMCS Glace Bay. Glace Bay carries medical personnel and a mobile decompression chamber.[5] L'Atlante carries Victor 6000, a ROV that can reach depths of up to 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The ship is operated by the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, and is scheduled to arrive at the site on the evening of 21 June.[57]

According to an internal American government memo, a Canadian P-3's sonar picked up banging sounds while searching for the submersible.[58] The U.S. Coast Guard officially acknowledged the sounds early the following morning, but reported that early investigations had not yielded results.[58] John Mauger of the US Coast Guard said the source of the noise was unknown and may have come from the many metal objects at the site of the wreck.[59] A Canadian P-3 plane had previously spotted a "white rectangular object" floating on the surface. A ship sent to find and identify the object was diverted to help find the noise.[60]

21 يونيو

Despite rising concerns about the oxygen levels on the Titan, the Coast Guard stated they are "100%" still viewing the disappearance of the Titan as a search-and-rescue mission rather than a recovery mission.[61] As of approximately 14:45 ADT, five air and water vehicles were actively searching for the Titan, and another five are expected to arrive in the next 24-48 hours.[62] Current search-and-rescue assets include two ROVs, one P-3 aircraft, and one C-130 aircraft.[62]

ردود الفعل

Parks Stephenson, director of the USS Kidd Veterans Museum and Titanic researcher, commented on the disappearance of the Titan via Facebook: "No matter what you may read in the coming hours, all that is truly known at this time is that communications with the submersible have been lost and that is unusual enough to warrant the most serious consideration." He added: "I am most concerned about the souls aboard."[63] Stephenson is experienced in deep-sea explorations such as the Titan's schedule, having previously dived to view the Titanic on five occasions.[63][64] Stephenson later added that the divers "wouldn't be out there if it wasn't for the public demand for information regarding this wreck".[65]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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  2. ^ Regan, Helen; Yeung, Jessie; Renton, Adam; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Upright, Ed; Hayes, Mike; Hammond, Elise; Powell, Tori B.; Vera, Amir (20 June 2023). "June 20, 2023 Missing Titanic sub search news". CNN (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  3. ^ أ ب ت "The Titan submersible: What it is, what might have gone wrong and what's being done to find it". AP News (in الإنجليزية). 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  4. ^ أ ب Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Gross, Jenny; Betts, Anna (20 June 2023). "OceanGate Was Warned of Potential for 'Catastrophic' Problems With Titanic Mission". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
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قالب:2023 shipwrecks قالب:RMS Titanic

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