المعرفة

أوشن جيت

(تم التحويل من أوشن گيت)
هذا المقال هو عن شركة الغواصات. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر أوشن جيت.

أوشن گيت (إنگليزية: OceanGate)، هي شركة قابضة خاصة مقرها إيڤرت، ولاية واشنطن الأمريكية، توفر غواصات مأهولة للسياحة والصناعة والأبحاث والاستكشاف. الشركة أسسها ستوكتون رش عام 2009.[1]

أوشن جيت
النوعخاصة
الصناعةالسياحة، الرحلات الاستكشافية، الغوص تحت الماء
تأسست2009
المؤسسستوكتون رش
المقر الرئيسيإيڤرت، واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
ستوكتون رش (المدير التنفيذي)[أ]
الموقع الإلكترونيhttps://oceangate.com/

عام 2021، بدأت أوشن گيت في تأجير غواصات لعملائها من أجل زيارة حطام السفينة تيتانيك على متن الغواصة "تيتان".[2][3] اعتباراً من 2022، كان سعر الرحلة لزيارة حطام تيتانيك 250.000 دولار للفرد.[4] في 18 يونيو 2023، أثناء رحلة لموقع حطام "تيتانيك"، فُقدت الغواصة "تيتان"، لتبدأ عمليات بحث وإنقاذ دولية.[5]

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مهمة الشركة

الغواصات

أنتيپودس (305 متر)

المقالة الرئيسية: أنتيپودس (غواصة)
 
رائد الفضاء سكوت پارازينسكي على متن الغواصة أنتيپودس


سيكلوپس (500 متر

 
ربان الغواصة سيكلوپس  1 من النافذة، يشغل الغواصة مستخدماً عصا تحكم لعبة معدلة.


تيتان (4000 متر)

التصميم والإنشاء

OceanGate began developing a composite carbon fiber and titanium-hulled submersible in collaboration with the University of Washington's (UW) Applied Physics Lab (APL) in 2013,[6] tentatively named Cyclops 2; the first titanium structural components were ordered in December 2016 from Titanium Fabrication Corp. (TiFab),[7] and OceanGate signed a contract with Spencer Composites in January 2017 for the carbon-composite cylinder. Spencer previously had built the composite pressure hull for the single-person DeepFlight Challenger for Steve Fossett to a design by Graham Hawkes.[8] After Fossett died, DeepFlight Challenger was acquired by Richard Branson's Virgin Oceanic, which had announced plans to conduct a series of five dives to the deepest points of the oceans; DeepFlight refused to endorse the plan, as the craft had been designed to dive only once. Adam Wright, the president of DeepFlight, stated in 2014 "The problem is the strength of the [DeepFlight Challenger] does decrease after each dive. It is strongest on the first dive."[9] Spencer Composites was given challenging performance specifications for Cyclops 2, which was meant to withstand 6,600 psi (46 MPa; 450 atm) working service pressure with a factor of safety of 2.25× for its intended maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[8] In March 2018, Cyclops 2 was renamed to Titan[10] and by 2019, OceanGate stated that they had begun development of the successor Cyclops 3 and 4 submersibles.[11]

OceanGate's calculations showed the cylinder that forms the center section of the crew compartment should have a wall thickness of 4.5 in (114 mm), which they rounded up to 5.0 in (127 mm); it consists of 480 alternating layers of pre-preg unidirectional cloth, laid in the axial direction, and wet-wound filament, laid in the hoop direction. The cylinder was built in 2017 and cured at 137 °C (279 °F) for 7 days.[8] The entire pressure vessel consists of two titanium hemispheres, two matching titanium interface rings, and the 142 cm (56 in) internal diameter, 2.4-meter-long (7.9 ft) carbon fiber wound cylinder – the largest such device ever built for use in a crewed submersible.[12] One of the titanium hemispherical end caps is fitted with a 380 mm-diameter (15 in) acrylic window.[8] In addition to the crew compartment, Titan includes a landing skid structure and outer glass fiber composite shell, both bolted to the titanium interface rings.[8] Overall, the Titan is 670 cm × 280 cm × 250 cm (22.0 ft × 9.2 ft × 8.2 ft) and weighs 9,525 kg (20,999 lb) with a maximum payload of 685 kg (1,510 lb). It moves at up to 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical. The vessel carries sufficient oxygen to sustain a full complement of five people for 96 hours.[13]

Titan is equipped with a real-time acoustic monitoring system, which OceanGate claims can detect the onset of buckling in the carbon fiber hull prior to catastrophic failure.[2]

الحدود

Once the occupants are aboard, the hatch is closed and bolted from the outside; there is no way to open the hatch from inside the vessel. In addition, there is no on-board navigation system; the support ship, which monitors the position of Titan relative to its target, sends text messages to Titan providing distances and directions.[14] In 2019, OceanGate published a blog post explaining why Titan was not certified by a ship classification society. In the post, OceanGate stated "the vast majority of marine (and aviation) accidents are a result of operator error, not mechanical failure" and argued that classification focused solely on the physical state of the vessel and not its corporate actions, which it characterized as a "constant, committed effort and a focused corporate culture" of "maintaining high-level operational safety".[15] Journalist David Pogue, who rode in Titan to view the Titanic in 2022, noted that Titan was not equipped with an emergency locator beacon; during his expedition, the surface support vessel lost track of the Titan "for about five hours, and adding such a beacon was discussed. They could still send short texts to the sub, but did not know where it was. It was quiet and very tense, and they shut off the ship's internet to keep us from tweeting."[16]

الاختبار والفحص

A 1⁄3-scale model of the pressure vessel was built and tested at APL-UW; the model was able to sustain a pressure of 4,285 psi (29.54 MPa; 291.6 atm), corresponding to a depth of approximately 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[17]

David Lochridge, the OceanGate Director of Marine Operations, inspected the Titan as it was being handed over from Engineering to Operations and filed a quality control report in January 2018 in which he stated that no non-destructive testing of the carbon fiber hull had taken place to check for voids and delaminating which could compromise the hull's strength. Instead, Lochridge was told that OceanGate would rely on the real-time acoustic monitoring system, which he felt would not warn the crew of potential failure with sufficient time to safely abort the mission and evacuate. The day after he filed his report, he was summoned to a meeting in which he was told the acrylic window was only rated to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) depth because OceanGate would not fund the design of a window rated to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In that meeting, he reiterated his concerns and added he would refuse to allow crewed testing without a hull scan; Lochridge was dismissed from his position as a result.[18] OceanGate filed a lawsuit against Lochridge that June, accusing him of improperly sharing proprietary trade secrets and fraudulently manufacturing a reason to dismiss him. The suit was settled in November 2018.[18]

OceanGate stated that unmanned testing of Titan to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) was performed in 2018 to validate the design,[19] followed by a statement that a crew of four had set a record by descending in Titan to 3,760 m (12,340 ft) in April 2019.[20] The tests were conducted near Great Abaco Island, near the edge of the continental shelf, as the platform would only need to be towed 12 mi (19 km) to depths exceeding 15,000 ft (4,600 m).[2] During the first human-piloted descent, which Rush performed solo, he used the vertical thrusters to overcome unexpected positive buoyancy when descending past 10,000 ft (3,000 m), which caused interference with the communication system, and he lost contact with the surface ship for approximately one hour. Rush became the second human to dive solo to 13,000 ft (4,000 m), after James Cameron, who in 2012 dove to Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, approximately 36,000 ft (11,000 m).[2] After these tests were completed, in January 2020, the hull of Titan began showing signs of cyclic fatigue and the craft was de-rated to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[21] The Spencer-built composite cylindrical hull either was repaired or replaced by Electroimpact and Janicki Industries in 2020 or 2021, prior to the first trips to Titanic.[18]

رحلة تيتانيك السياحية

After carrying tourists to the wreck of the Andrea Doria in 2016, Rush noted "there's only one wreck that everyone knows ... if you ask people to name something underwater, it's going to be sharks, whales, Titanic."[2] Previously, the Russian Mir-class submersibles had been contracted in the 1990s for tours of the wreck of the Titanic, including the shots for the opening scenes of the eponymous 1997 film.[2] Rush stated that Titan could be used to explore the debris field and accurate scans could be used to build a 3-D model of the wreck.[2]

OceanGate's Titan has been used for several survey expeditions of the RMS Titanic wreckage site. When its plans for the Titanic expeditions were announced in 2017, the first trip was scheduled for 2018, and each tourist's seat was priced at US$105,129, which was the price of the ticket for the Vanderbilt suite on Titanic in 1912, adjusted for inflation.[22] By 2019, the cost of a ticket on Titan to view Titanic had risen to $125,000; 54 tourists had signed up for one of six voyages that were scheduled to begin on June 27, but those plans were delayed until 2020 because OceanGate was unable to secure the necessary permits for the surface support vessel.[2] In November 2020, Rush announced the first voyage to Titanic would take place in May 2021.[23] The first Titanic expedition aboard Titan took place in 2021.[24] By 2022, the cost of a ticket had doubled to $250,000.[14] According to OceanGate court filings, 28 persons visited the Titanic on the Titan in 2022.[25]


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حادث الغواصة تيتان 2023

المقالة الرئيسية: حادث الغواصة تيتان 2023

On 18 June 2023, Titan went missing in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland. The submersible was carrying an expedition of tourists, including Hamish Harding, Paul-Henri Nargeolet, Shahzada Dawood, Dawood's son, Suleman, and the founder of OceanGate, Stockton Rush, to view the wreckage of RMS Titanic.[26][27] The disappearance of the submersible triggered extensive search and rescue efforts.[28]


سيكلوپس 3 وسيكلوپس 4 (6000 متر)

الهوامش

  1. ^ Currently a missing person.

المصادر

  1. ^ "Cyclops Submersible Brings Deep-Water Exploration to the 21st Century". NBC News (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Perrottet, Tony (June 2019). "A Deep Dive Into the Plans to Take Tourists to the 'Titanic'". Smithsonian. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  3. ^ "OceanGate sub makes first dive to Titanic wreck site and captures photos of debris". GeekWire (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  4. ^ Waterman, Andrew (November 17, 2021). "'Citizen scientists' pay $250K to work Titanic expedition at depths of 12,500 feet in the North Atlantic Ocean". SaltWire. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  5. ^ "What to know about the 5 passengers on the missing Titanic sub - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2023-06-20. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  6. ^ Hickey, Hannah (October 8, 2013). "UW, local company building innovative deep-sea manned submarine". UW News. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة GW-2016
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Sloan, Jeff (May 10, 2017). "Composite submersibles: Under pressure in deep, deep waters". Composites World. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.
  9. ^ Mendick, Robert (13 December 2014). "Richard Branson quietly shelves Virgin submarine plan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  10. ^ Neely, Samantha (June 21, 2023). "Florida couple filed lawsuit against OceanGate CEO for canceled Titanic trip. What we know". Fort Myers News-Press. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  11. ^ "OceanGate to Build Two New Submersibles for Deep Ocean Exploration, Research and Commercial Operations to Titanic Depths and Beyond" (Press release). OceanGate. October 29, 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  12. ^ "Tourist Submarine Titan Goes Missing on Its Way to the Titanic Wreck". autoevolution.com. 20 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Titan 5-Person Submersible | 4,000 meters" (PDF). OceanGate. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  14. ^ أ ب Pogue, David (November 27, 2022). "Titanic: Visiting the most famous shipwreck in the world". CBS News.
  15. ^ "Why Isn't Titan Classed?". OceanGate, Inc. February 21, 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  16. ^ Robiedo, Anthony (June 20, 2023). "Reporter who rode Titanic submarine says there were 'many red flags'". USA Today. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  17. ^ "Cyclops Next Gen: New Hull Design and Testing" (PDF). Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  18. ^ أ ب ت Harris, Mark (June 20, 2023). "A whistleblower raised safety concerns about OceanGate's submersible in 2018. Then he was fired". TechCrunch. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  19. ^ "Worlds Largest Carbon Fiber Manned Submersible Hull Proven to 4000 Meters" (Press release). OceanGate. June 27, 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  20. ^ "History Making Deep-Sea Dive To 3,760 Meters With Four Crew Members" (Press release). OceanGate. April 25, 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  21. ^ Boyle, Alan (January 9, 2020). "OceanGate raises $18M to build a bigger submersible fleet and set up Titanic trips". GeekWire. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  22. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة PopSci-17
  23. ^ Thompson, Zac (November 10, 2020). "You Can Take a Tiny Sub to the "Titanic" Shipwreck—for $125,000". Frommers. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  24. ^ "OceanGate sub makes first dive to Titanic wreck site and captures photos of debris". GeekWire (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  25. ^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Gross, Jenny; Betts, Anna (2023-06-20). "OceanGate Was Warned of Potential for 'Catastrophic' Problems With Titanic Mission". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  26. ^ "Submersible bound for Titanic goes missing". CBC Newfoundland and Labrador. 2023-06-19.
  27. ^ "Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  28. ^ Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley (20 June 2023). "US military moving military and commercial assets to help submersible search efforts". CNN. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

وصلات خارجية

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