جمهورية أوكرانيا الشعبية

Ukrainian People's Republic

Українська Народна Республікаcode: uk is deprecated (أوكرانية)
Ukrainian People's Republic; Українська Народна Республіка (أوكرانية);
1917–1918; 1918–1920
	Flag Coat of arms ; (1918–1920)
	النشيد: Ще не вмерла України; Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy; "Ukraine has not yet perished"
	State seal;
	Article from The New York Times showing the provisional boundaries of the Ukrainian People's Republic emerged from the collapsed Russian Empire in 1918.
الوضع	Autonomy within the Russian Republic (1917–1918); Partially-recognized state (1918–1920); Government-in-exile (1920–1992)
العاصمة	Kiev
اللغات المشتركة	Official: ; Ukrainian ; Widespread: ; Russian ; Minority languages: ; Yiddish, Polish, German, Belarusian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Urum, etc.
الدين	≈85% Eastern Orthodox; ≈9% Jewish; ≈4% Roman Catholic;
صفة المواطن	Ukrainian
الحكومة	Republic
• 1917–1918	Mykhailo Hrushevskyi
• 1918–1920	Directorate
President-in-exile
• 1926–1954	Andriy Livytskyi
• 1954–1965	Stepan Vytvytskyi
• 1965–1989	Mykola Livytskyi
• 1989–1992	Mykola Plaviuk
التشريع	Central Rada ; (to April 1918) ; Labor Congress
الحقبة التاريخية	World War I
• Autonomy declared	23 June 1917
• Republic proclaimed	20 November 1917
• Independence	22 January 1918
• Directorate formed	13 November 1918
• Hetmanate defeated	14 December 1918
• Unity Act signed	22 January 1919
• Peace of Riga	18 March 1921
• Authority handed over to post-Soviet Ukraine	15 March 1992
العملة	Karbovanets ; Hryvnia
سبقها	تلاها
	Southwestern Krai
	West Ukrainian People's Republic
	1918: ; Ukrainian State
1918: ; Ukrainian State
1919–1991: ; Ukrainian SSR
Second Polish Republic
General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia
Free Territory

جمهورية أوكرانيا الشعبية (UPR)، أو جمهورية أوكرانيا الوطنية (UNR),^[ت] was a country in Eastern Europe that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was declared following the February Revolution in Russia by the First Universal. In March 1917, the National Congress in Kyiv elected the Central Council composed of socialist parties on the same principles as throughout the rest of the Russian Republic. The republic's autonomy was recognized by the Russian Provisional Government. Following the October Revolution, it proclaimed its independence from the Russian Republic on 22 January 1918 by the Fourth Universal.

During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the Central Council of Ukraine with its general secretariat to the socialist republic led by the Directorate and by Symon Petliura. Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-German Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who was elected as a Hetman by a congress of peasants.^[2]^[3]^{[need quotation to verify]} From late 1919, the UNR operated as an ally of the Second Polish Republic. On 10 November 1920, the state lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks. The 18 March 1921 Peace of Riga between the Second Polish Republic, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus), and Soviet Ukraine sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

After the October Revolution, many governments formed in Ukraine, most notably the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (1917–1918) based in Kharkiv, and its Soviet successors. This force, along with the Ukrainian Republic (based in Kyiv), plus the White Movement, Poland, Green armies, and the Anarchists, fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in a 1917–21 Ukrainian Civil War as part of the wider Russian Civil War of 1917–23. The Russian SFSR would (after the 1921 Treaty of Riga) extend control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and (in 1922) a founding member of the Soviet Union.^[2]

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التاريخ

الموجة الثورية

A February 1918 article from The New York Times shows a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

الديمغرافيا

According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian guberniyas, plus three uyezds of the Taurida Governorate that were located on the mainland.

التركيبة الوطنية (بالآلاف)

الأوكران – 14,931.5 (73%)
الروس – 2,146.1 (11%)
اليهود – 1,871.8 (9%)
الألمان – 451.3 (2%)
الپولنديون – 375.9 (2%)
البلاروس – 208.5 (1%)
الرومانيون – 185.7 (1%)
غيرهم – 1%

خرائط

Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. Bold black line indicates the borders of modern Ukraine.

Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

^ Russian autonomy since 1917. De facto independent since late 1917. Interrupted by the pro-German Ukrainian State in April–December of 1918. De facto lost control of most of its territories during 1920. Officially disestablished after the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. In exile until 1992.
^ In exile in 1925.
^ Ukrainian: Українська Народня Республікаcode: uk is deprecated , romanized: Ukrayinska Narodnya Respublika, in modern orthography Українська Народна Республікаcode: uk is deprecated , romanized: Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika; abbreviated: УНРcode: uk is deprecated , romanized: UNR