بي‌ام‌پي-1

بي‌ام‌پي-1 BMP-1 هي مركبة قتال مشاة مجنزرة برمائية سوڤيتية. بي‌ام‌پي BMP هي اختصار Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty (روسية: Боевая Машина Пехотыcode: ru is deprecated ), meaning "fighting vehicle of infantry"). The BMP-1 was the world's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle (IFV). It was called the M-1967, BMP and BMP-76PB by NATO before its correct designation was known.

BMP-1
BMP-1 at US Bolling Air Force Base, 1 October 1986.
النوع	Infantry fighting vehicle
مكان الصنع	الاتحاد السوڤيتي
تاريخ الخدمة
في الخدمة	1966–present
اسُتخدم من قبل	Soviet Union, Russia, Poland, Egypt, Syria, China, Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Germany, Greece, and Sweden.
الحروب	See Service history and Combat history
تاريخ الانتاج
المصمم	Pavel Isakov (Design Bureau of the ChTZ)
صُمم	1961–1965
المُصنع	Kurgan Engineering Works (KMZ) (USSR) ZTS Dubnica nad Váhom (Czechoslovakia) Military Motorization Works No. 5 (Poland) See also Production history section for details.
صنعت	1966–1983 (USSR) unknown–1988 (Poland)
عدد المصنوعات	More than 20,000 of all variants (USSR) More than 3,000 of all variants (PRC) 1,994 (Czechoslovakia) 274 (Poland) ~800 (India)
التنويعات	BMP-1, BMP-2, MLI-84, Boragh, see also BMP-1 variants.
المواصفات (Ob'yekt 765Sp3)
الوزن	13.2 tonnes (13.0 long tons; 14.6 short tons)
الطول	6.735 m (22 ft 1.2 in)
العرض	2.94 m (9 ft 8 in)
الإرتفاع	2.068 m (6 ft 9.4 in) 1.881 m (6 ft 2.1 in) to turret top
الطاقم	3 (commander, driver and gunner) + 8 passengers
التدريع	6–33 mm (0.24–1.30 in) welded rolled steel
التسليح الرئيسي	73 mm 2A28 Grom low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun (40 rounds) 9S428 ATGM launcher for 9M14 Malyutka (4 + 1 rounds)
التسليح الثانوي	7.62 mm PKT coaxial machinegun (2,000 rounds)
المحرك	UTD-20, 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped airless-injection water cooled multifuel 15.8 liter diesel 300 hp (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm
القوة/الوزن	22.7 hp/tonne (17.0 kW/tonne)
التعليق	individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers on the 1st and 6th road wheels
الخلوص الأرضي	370 mm (15 in)
Fuel capacity	462 L (102 imp gal; 122 US gal)
المدى العملي	600 km (370 mi) road 500 km (310 mi) off-road
السرعة	65 km/h (40 mph) road 45 km/h (28 mph) off-road 7–8 km/h (4.3–5.0 mph) water

It was a revolutionary design combining the properties of an armored personnel carrier (APC) and a light tank. The Soviet military leadership saw any future wars as being conducted with nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, where unprotected infantry would soon be either killed or incapacitated by radiation or chemical and biological agents. A vehicle like the BMP would allow infantry to operate from the relative safety of its armored, radiation shielded interior in contaminated areas and to fight alongside it in uncontaminated areas. It would increase infantry squad mobility, provide fire support to them, and also be able to fight alongside main battle tanks.

The BMP-1 was first tested in combat in the 1973 Yom Kippur War where it was used by Egyptian and Syrian forces. Based on lessons learned from this conflict and early experiences in the Soviet War in Afghanistan, a version with improved fighting qualities, the BMP-2 was developed. It was accepted into service in August 1980.

In 1987, the BMP-3, a radically redesigned vehicle with a completely new weapon system, entered service in limited numbers with the Soviet Army.

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 التطوير

Mechanized infantry tactics during the 1950s were similar to الحرب العالمية الثانية methods in which APCs were used as "battle taxis"; they brought their infantry up to the front line where they then dismounted and fought on foot while the APC provided suppressive fire from its on-board armament.

 الموديلات

المقالة الرئيسية: BMP-1 variants

A large number of variants of the BMP-1 were produced. The most notable IFV variants based on the BMP-1 were: BMP-2, MLI-84 and Boragh.

 جدول الموديلات

خصائص الموديلات الرئيسية لعائلة المركبات بي‌ام‌پي

	بي‌ام‌پي (اوبـْيـِكت 765Sp1)	بي‌ام‌پي-1 (اوبـْيـِكت 765Sp2)	بي‌ام‌پي-1 (اوبـْيـِكت 765Sp3)	بي‌ام‌پي-1P (اوبـْيـِكت 765Sp4/5)	بي‌ام‌پي-1D	بي‌ام‌پي-2	بي‌ام‌پي-3
الوزن (طن)	12.6	13.0	13.2	13.4	14.5	14.0	18.7
الطاقم	3+8					3+7
المدفع الرئيسي	73 مم 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore مدفع نصف آلي					30 مم 2A42 مدفع آلي	مدفع/قاذف صواريخ آلي 100 مم 2A70 30 مم 2A72 مدفع آلي
المدفع	7.62 مم PKT coaxial						3 × 7.62 mm PKT (1 coaxial, 2 bow mounted)
ص.م.م.د. (تسمية الناتو)	9M14 "ماليوتكا" (AT-3 Sagger) وتنويعات			9M113 "كونكورس" (AT-5 Spandrel) or 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) وتنويعات	9M14 "ماليوتكا" أو 9M113 "كونكورس" or removed (on most vehicles)	9M113 "كونكورس" (AT-5 Spandrel) or 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) وتنويعات	9M117 "Bastion" (AT-10 Stabber)
المحرك	UTD-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped ديزل مبرد بماء حقن لاهوائي ينتج 300 حصان (224 kW) عند 2,600 rpm					UTD-20S1 diesel ينتج 300 حصان (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm	UTD-29M 10-cylinder diesel ينتج 500 حصان (375 kW) عند 2,600 rpm
نسبة القدرة إلى الوزن حصان/طن (kW/طن)	23.8 (17.8)	23.1 (17.2)	22.7 (17.0)	22.4 (16.7)	20.7 (15.5)	21.4 (16.0)	26.7 (20.0)

 Description

The BMP-1 is a fully amphibious tracked vehicle, with a front-engined chassis developed especially for it, a welded steel hull with a sharp, sloping front with a conspicuously ridged surface, a centrally located, flat, truncated cone turret and a troop compartment at the rear.

 مكان السائق

Two Bulgarian Army soldiers man the driver's and gunner's stations while a US Army soldier occupies the commander's position of a Bulgarian BMP-1 IFV.

 البرج

Gunner's station of a BMP-1 training turret at Parola Tank Museum, Finland. Note the ammunition stowage.

 مكان المدفعجي

 التسليح

Gun

المقالة الرئيسية: 2A28 Grom

Detailed view of the BMP-1's turret at Bolling Air Force Base.

Main armament is the 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore semi-automatic gun. It is fed from a forty round magazine located around the turret ring. Cyclic rate of fire is 8 to 10 rounds per minute, with the gun returning to an elevation of +3° 30' to reload after each shot if the autoloader is used.

 مقصورة القوات

The BMP-1's firing ports location and firing arcs.

BMP-1 with eight passengers

 القدرة البرمائية

Two US Marines lower the trim vane on the front of an Iraqi BMP-1 captured during Operation Desert Storm, March 17, 1991

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 حماية التدريع

Armor

26-33 mm gun mantlet

23 mm at 42° turret front

19 mm at 36° turret side

13 mm at 30° turret rear

6 mm turret top

7 mm at 80° upper hull front

19 mm at 57° hull lower front

16 mm at 14° hull upper side

18 mm at 0° hull lower side

16 mm at 19° hull rear

6 مم hull top

7 mm hull belly rear

 مشاكل في الحماية

Iraqi BMP-1 in a field after being hit several times and burnt out during Operation Desert Storm, February 1, 1991.

The rear doors are hollow fuel tanks, each has a periscope at the top, and the left door has a firing port.

One side of the troop compartment. Seats are back to back with a fuel tank between them. Fume extractors can be seen on the hull to the right, these clip on to weapons when they are used through the firing ports.

 المشغلون

Poland, مصر, سوريا, الصين, أفغانستان, الهند, العراق, ألمانيا, Greece, and السويد.

 انظر أيضاً

مركبات مقارنة

• BMD-1 - related family of Soviet airborne fighting vehicles.
• BMP-2
• BMP-3
• MLI-84 - a Romanian IFV based on a modified BMP chassis.
• Marder (IFV), (German) .
• M2 Bradley (US)
• Combat Vehicle 90
• Warrior IFV (UK)

 المصادر

• Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1. Памятка экипажу по эксплуатации (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1. Service Instruction for a Crew) (in Russian). The Ministry of Defence of USSR. 1974.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1. Техническое описание и инструкция по эксплуатации (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1. Technical Description and Service Instruction) (in Russian). The Ministry of Defence of USSR. 1979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Fedoseev S.L. (2001). Иллюстрированный справочник. Боевые машины пехоты (Illustrated Guide. Infantry Fighting Vehicles) (in Russian). Astrel', AST. ISBN 5-17-008788-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Foss, Christopher F. (2005). Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005-2006. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 9780710626868.
• Grau, Lester W. (January 1997). "Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience". Red Thrust Star, US Army.
• Holyavskiy G.L. (2001). Энциклопедия бронетехники. Гусеничные боевые машины (Encyclopedia of Armoured Vehicles. Tracked Fighting Vehicles) (in Russian). Harvest. ISBN 985-13-0035-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Hull/Markov/Zaloga (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions. ISBN 1-892848-01-5.
• Karpenko A.V. (1996). Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905-1995 г.г.) (Overview of Native Armoured Vehicles, 1905-1995) (in Russian). Nevskiy Bastion.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Malyshev S. (2002). Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1 (1964-2000) (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1, 1964-2000) (in Russian). Russian Motor Books. ISBN 5-09-873406-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Szulc, Tomasz (2000). "Modernizacje bojowego wozu piechoty BMP-1 cz.I" (in Russian). Nowa Technika Wojskowa. ISSN 1230-1655. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Tsouras, P.G. (1994). Changing Orders: The evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present. Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3122-3.
• Witkowski, Igor (1993). Lekkie i średnie opancerzone wozy bojowe (in Russian). WiS. ISBN 83-86028-02-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Zaloga S., Sarson P. (1994). BMP Infantry Fighting Vehicle, 1967-94. New Vanguard 14. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1855324336.

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 وصلات خارجية

• RUSSIAN BMP-1 Mechanised Infantry Combat Vehicle – Walk around photos
• Warsaw Pact OOB as of June 1989
• Information in French, a lot of photos including the BMP-1 in Soviet Army service
• "General information, photos". Archived from the original on 2001-12-08.
• in Russian, general information
• in Russian, photos (including BMP-1 on water) and specifications
• in Russian, information about development
• "in Russian, quite detailed article with correct information and good photos". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
• in Russian, list of BMP variants with short information about them
• Video about BMP-1