اومبرتو الأول من إيطاليا
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اومبرتو الأول (إيطالية: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia؛ 14 مارس 1844 – 29 يوليو 1900)، وكنيته الجيد (بالإيطالية: il Buono)، كان ملك إيطاليا من 9 يناير 1878 حتى اغتياله في 29 يوليو 1900.
شهد عهد أومبرتو محاولة إيطاليا التوسع الاستعماري في القرن الأفريقي، ونجاحه في الاستيلاء على إرتريا والصومال بالرغم من هزيمته أمام الحبشة في معركة عدوة في 1896. وفي 1882، وافق على الدخول في التحالف الثلاثي مع الامبراطورية الألمانية والنمسا-المجر.
كان مكروها بشدة في الأوساط اليسارية بسبب سياساته المحافظة ولدعمه مذبحة باڤا-بكاريس في ميلانو. وكان مكروها بشكل خاص من الأناركيين، الذين حاولوا اغتياله في أولى سنوات حكمه. وقد اغتالة أناركي آخر، گايتانو برشي, بعد سنتين من مذبحة باڤا-بكاريس.
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شبابه
The son of Victor Emmanuel II and Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, on 14 March 1844, his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini.
عهده
اعتلاؤه العرش وأول محاولة اغتيال
السياسة الخارجية
الاضطراب
مذبحة باڤا-بكاريس
During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on 7 May 1898 the city of Milan was put under military rule by General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris, who ordered rifle-fire and artillery against the demonstrators. As a result 82 people were killed according to the authorities, with opposition sources claiming that the death toll was 400 dead with 2,000 wounded.[1] King Umberto sent a telegram to congratulate Bava-Beccaris on the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion.
الاغتيال
On the evening of 29 July 1900, Umberto was assassinated while attending a gymnastics display in Monza. The king was shot four times by an Italo-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the riots of May 1898.[2]
Umberto was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August 1900. He was the last Savoy to be buried there, as his son and successor Victor Emmanuel III died in exile and is still buried in Egypt.
American anarchist Leon F. Czolgosz claimed that the assassination of Umberto I was his inspiration to kill U. S. President William McKinley in September 1901.
الألقاب والأساليب والتكريمات
| Styles of King Umberto I | |
|---|---|
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| أسلوب الإشارة | His Majesty |
| أسلوب المخاطبة | Your Majesty |
| أسلوب بديل | Sir |
الألقاب وأساليب الخطاب
- 14 March 1844 - 23 March 1849: His Royal Highness Prince Umberto of Savoy
- 23 March 1849 - 9 January 1878: His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont
- 9 January 1878 - 29 July 1900: His Majesty The King of Italy
ألقابه كملك إيطاليا
From 1860 to 1946, the following titles were used by the ملك إيطاليا:
Umberto the First, by the Grace of God, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, del Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero e Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane e Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara.
التكريمات
الإيطالية
- Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
- Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Grand Master of the Military Order of Savoy
- Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy
- Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy
- Gold Medal of Military Valour
- Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Indipendence Wars
- Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy
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الخارجية
Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia)
Knight of the Order of the Garter (United Kingdom)
Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austria-Hungary)- قالب:Country data Kingdom of Hawaii Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I (Hawaii)
Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden)
Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark)
النسب
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الهامش
- ^ BBC History Magazine, October 2013, p. 91
- ^ Christopher Duggan (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5.
وصلات خارجية
اومبرتو الأول من إيطاليا وُلِد: 14 مارس 1844 توفي: 29 يوليو 1900
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| ألقاب ملكية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه ڤيكتور عمانويل الثاني |
ملك إيطاليا 1878–1900 |
تبعه ڤيكتور عمانويل الثالث |
قالب:Kings of Italy (1861–1946)
قالب:Princes of Piedmont
قالب:Princes of Savoy
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
