المعرفة

اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين المؤتمر الوطني الديمقراطي.

اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية إنگليزية: Democratic National Committee وتُعرف اختصاراً (DNC) هي الهيئة الرسمية الحاكمة للحزب الديمقراطي الأمريكي. تعمل اللجنة على تنسيق الاستراتيجية الهادفة إلى دعم مرشحي الحزب الديمقراطي للمناصب على المستويات المحلية والولاية والاتحادية في جميع أرجاء الولايات المتحدة. كما تنظم المؤتمر الديمقراطي الوطني والذي يقام كل أربعة سنوات لترشيح واعتماد مرشح يمثل الحزب في الانتخابات الرئاسية وللعمل على تشكيل منصة حزبية. ليس للجنة أي صلاحيات مباشرة على المسؤولين المنتخبين ويقتصر دورها على دعم اللجنة لمرشحي الحزب.[3]

اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية
Democratic National Committee
Democratic Party logo
الموقع
الأشخاص البارزون
الموقع الإلكترونيdemocrats.org

تتألف اللجنة من رؤساء ونواب رؤساء اللجان الخاصة بالولايات التابعة للحزب الديمقراطي بالإضافة إلى ما يزيد عن 200 عضو ينتخبهم أعضاء الحزب في الولايات والأقاليم الأمريكية. وتقوم اللجنة بانتخاب رئيسها. وتقوم بعمليات جمع تبرعات كي تدعم أنشطتها مادياً.[3]

تأسست اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية في المؤتمر الوطني للحزب الديمقراطي عام 1848.[1] والمقابل الحزبي الخصم لها هو اللجنة الوطنية الجمهورية التابعة للحزب الجمهوري.

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الدور في الحملات الانتخابية

يقع على عاتق اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية توضيح وترويج منصة الحزب الديمقراطي والعمل على تنسيق النشاط التنظيمي للحزب. يعمل الحزب بصورة وثيقة مع رئيس البلاد حينما يكون الأخير من الحزب الديمقراطي. وتعمل اللجنة في موسم الانتخابات الرئاسية على الإشرف على المؤتمر الوطني للحزب وتجمع بصورة مستقلة وبالتنسيق مع المرشح الرئاسي وجمع أموال التبرعات واستطلاعات اللجان وتنسق إستراتيجية الحملة الانتخابية. تسمح قوانين التمويل العامة للحزب بتنسيق بعض النفقات المالية مع المرشح الذي يفوز في بالانتخابات التمهيدية الحزبية والذي يغدو المرشح الممثل للحزب في الانتخابات العامة، ولكن تُنفق أموال إضافية على نشاطات هيكلة الحزب عموماً.[4] توجد لجان مختصة في كل ولاية، فضلاً عن لجان محلية في معظم المدن والدوائر والبلدات (وفي معظم الولايات والمقاطعات).

يُنتخب رئيس اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية من خلال تصويت أعضاءها. وتتألف اللجنة من رؤساء ونائبي رؤساء اللجان المركزية للحزب الديمقراطي في كل ولاية ومئتان عضو من شتى الولايات الأمريكية يجري تعينهم تبعاً لعدد سكان كل ولاية على حدىٍ ويتم انتخابهم عموماً أما عبر اقتراع الناخبين الأساسيين أو من قبل لجنة الحزب الديمقراطي الخاصة بالولاية، كما تتألف اللجنة من مجموعة من المسؤولين المنتخبين الذين يخدمون فيها بحكم مناصبهم، بالإضافة إلى مجموعة من شتى ممثلي الدوائر الانتخابية الرئيسية للحزب الديمقراطي.

 
وفد شيكاغو إلى اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية، المنعقدة في 8 يناير 1912

تضع اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية قواعد خاصة بالمجالس الانتخابية والانتخابات التمهيدية الرئاسية داخل الحزب والتي تختار وفود المندوبين التي ستشارك في المؤتمر الوطني الديمقراطي، ولكن غالباً ما تُدار المجالس الانتخابية والانتخابات التمهيدية بحد ذاتها من قبل كل ولاية معنية وليس من قبل اللجنة الوطنية. وتقيم حكومات الولايات الانتخابات التمهيدية بصورة خاصة وفقاً لقوانينها الخاصة. يحق للأحزاب السياسية اختيار إذا ما أردت أو لم تُرد المشاركة في الانتخابات التمهيدية للولاية، ولكن ليس للمدراء التنفيذيين للأحزاب السياسية أي ولاية قضائية تخولهم من تحديد مواعيد إجراء الانتخابات التمهيدية أو كيفية إجرائها.

إن دور اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية في اختيار المترشحين باسم الحزب خارج عملية ترشيح المرشحين الرئاسيين هو محدود للغاية.

يعد جميع أعضاء اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية من كبار المندوبين إنگليزية: Superdelegates المشاركين في المؤتمر الوطني الديمقراطي الذي يُعقد كل أربع سنوات والتي قد تلعب أصواتهم دوراً أساسياً في تحديد نتائج الانتخابات التمهيدية الحزبية للولايات. ويوصف هؤلاء المندوبين رسمياً بأنهم "قائد الحزب غير المفوض والمندوبين الرسميين المنتخبين"، وتنقسم إلى ثلاث فئات على أساس المواقف الأخرى التي يتخذونها:[5]

  • أعضاء منتخبون من اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية.
  • حكام الولايات الحاليين وأعضاء الكونگرس المنتمين للحزب.
  • قادة الحزب البارزين والذين يتألفون من الرؤساء الحاليين والسابقين ونائبيهم وقادة الكونگرس ورؤساء اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية يحصلون على صلاحية أصوات كبار المندوبين لمدى الحياة.


اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية لجمع التبرعات

القيادة الحالية

In addition, a National Advisory Board exists for purposes of fundraising and advising the executive. The present chair is Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, former U.S. Ambassador to Portugal.

رؤساء اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية

قائمة رؤساء اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية
Officeholder المدة State[11]
Hallett, BenjaminBenjamin Hallett 1848–1852 مساتشوستس
  McLane, RobertRobert McLane 1852–1856 مريلاند
  Smalley, DavidDavid Smalley 1856–1860 Vermont
  Belmont, AugustAugust Belmont 1860–1872 New York
  Schell, AugustusAugustus Schell 1872–1876 New York
  Hewitt, AbramAbram Hewitt 1876–1877 New York
  Barnum, WilliamWilliam Barnum 1877–1889 Connecticut
  Brice, CalvinCalvin Brice 1889–1892 Ohio
  Harrity, WilliamWilliam Harrity 1892–1896 Pennsylvania
  Jones, JamesJames Jones 1896–1904 Arkansas
  Taggart, ThomasThomas Taggart 1904–1908 Indiana
  Mack, NormanNorman Mack 1908–1912 New York
  McCombs, WilliamWilliam McCombs 1912–1916 New York
  McCormick, VanceVance McCormick 1916–1919 Pennsylvania
  Cummings, HomerHomer Cummings 1919–1920 Connecticut
  White, GeorgeGeorge White 1920–1921 Ohio
  Hull, CordellCordell Hull 1921–1924 Tennessee
  Shaver, ClemClem Shaver 1924–1928 West Virginia
  Raskob, JohnJohn Raskob 1928–1932 New York
  Farley, JamesJames Farley 1932–1940 New York
  Flynn, EdwardEdward Flynn 1940–1943 New York
  Walker, FrankFrank Walker 1943–1944 Pennsylvania
  Hannegan, RobertRobert Hannegan 1944–1947 Missouri
  McGrath, HowardHoward McGrath 1947–1949 Rhode Island
Boyle, WilliamWilliam Boyle 1949–1951 Missouri
McKinney, FrankFrank McKinney 1951–1952 Indiana
Mitchell, StephenStephen Mitchell 1952–1955 Illinois
  Butler, PaulPaul Butler 1955–1960 Indiana
  Jackson, ScoopScoop Jackson 1960–1961 Washington
  Bailey, JohnJohn Bailey 1961–1968 Connecticut
  O'Brien, LarryLarry O'Brien 1968–1969 Massachusetts
  Harris, FredFred Harris 1969–1970 Oklahoma
  O'Brien, LarryLarry O'Brien 1970–1972 Massachusetts
Westwood, JeanJean Westwood 1972 Utah
  Strauss, BobBob Strauss 1972–1977 Texas
  Curtis, KennethKenneth Curtis 1977–1978 Maine
  White, JohnJohn White 1978–1981 Texas
  Manatt, CharlesCharles Manatt 1981–1985 California
  Kirk, PaulPaul Kirk 1985–1989 Massachusetts
  Brown, RonRon Brown 1989–1993 New York
Wilhelm, DavidDavid Wilhelm 1993–1994 Ohio
DeLee, DebraDebra DeLee 1994–1995 Massachusetts
  Dodd, ChrisChris Dodd (General Chair) 1995–1997 Connecticut
  Fowler, DonDon Fowler (National Chair) South Carolina
  Romer, RoyRoy Romer (General Chair) 1997–1999 Colorado
  Grossman, SteveSteve Grossman (National Chair) Massachusetts
  Rendell, EdEd Rendell (General Chair) 1999–2001 Pennsylvania
Andrew, JoeJoe Andrew (National Chair) Indiana
  McAuliffe, TerryTerry McAuliffe 2001–2005 Virginia
  Dean, HowardHoward Dean 2005–2009 Vermont
  Kaine, TimTim Kaine 2009–2011 Virginia
  Brazile, DonnaDonna Brazile (Acting) 2011 Louisiana
  Wasserman Schultz, DebbieDebbie Wasserman Schultz 2011–2016 فلوريدا
  Brazile, DonnaDonna Brazile (Acting) 2016–2017 لويزيانا
  Perez, TomTom Perez 2017–2021 Maryland
  Jaime Harrison 2021–present South Carolina
Source:[12]


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نواب رؤساء اللجنة

The Deputy Chair of the Democratic National Committee was re-established by Tom Perez in February 2017 after his win in the 2017 DNC Chair race.

After a close victory over Minnesota Congressman Keith Ellison, Perez appointed Ellison as Deputy Chair in an attempt to lessen the divide in the Democratic Party after the contentious 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, which saw conflicts between supporters of Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.[13] Perez was seen as being more in line with the Clinton wing, while Ellison was more in line with the Sanders wing.[14] The role's revival in 2017 has been described by critics as largely titular and ceremonial.[15]

On November 8, 2018, Ellison resigned from the position due to his win in the Minnesota Attorney General election.[16] The position remains unoccupied.

Officeholder Term State
  Evan Dobelle[17][18] 1980–1981 Massachusetts
  Alexis Herman[19] 1989–1992 Alabama
Ben Johnson[20][21] 2003–2005 Maryland
  Mike Honda 2003–2005 California
  Susan Turnbull 2003–2005 Maryland
  Keith Ellison 2017–2018[22] Minnesota

أمناء الخزانة

قائمة أمناء خزانة اللجنة الوطنية الديمقراطية
المسئول المدة الولاية
  Canda, Charles J.Charles J. Canda[23][24] 1875–1892 New York
  Roosevelt, Robert B.Robert B. Roosevelt[25][26] 1892–1896 New York
  St. John, William P.William P. St. John[27][28] 1896–1897 New York
  Norris, James L.James L. Norris[29][30] 1897–1900 District of Columbia
  Dunlap, Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore Dunlap[30][31] 1900–1904 Illinois
  Peabody, George FosterGeorge Foster Peabody[32][33] 1904–1906 New York
Belmont, AugustAugust Belmont[34][35] 1906–1908
O'Brien, William H.William H. O'Brien[35] 1908 Indiana
  Haskell, Charles N.Charles N. Haskell[36][37] 1908 Oklahoma
  Ridder, HermanHerman Ridder[37][38] 1908–1912 New York
  Wells, RollaRolla Wells[39][40] 1912–1916 Missouri
  Marsh, Wilbur W.Wilbur W. Marsh[41][42] 1916–1924 Iowa
  Gerard, James W.James W. Gerard[43][44] 1924–1932 New York
  Walker, Frank C.Frank C. Walker[45][46] 1932–1934 New York
  Cummings, Walter J.Walter J. Cummings[47][48] 1934–1936 Illinois
  Morgan, W. ForbesW. Forbes Morgan[48] 1936–1937 New Hampshire
Quayle Jr, Oliver A.Oliver A. Quayle Jr[49][50] 1937–1941 District of Columbia
Reynolds Jr., R. J.R. J. Reynolds Jr.[50][51] 1941–1942 North Carolina
Pauley, Edwin W.Edwin W. Pauley[52][53] 1942–1945 California
Killion, GeorgeGeorge Killion[54][55] 1945–1947 California
Blythe, Joe L.Joe L. Blythe[56][57] 1948–1949 North Carolina
Zirkle, Mary C.Mary C. Zirkle (acting)[58][59] 1949–1950 Washington
Salomon Jr, SidneySidney Salomon Jr[59][60] 1950–1951 Missouri
  Turner, Roy J.Roy J. Turner[61][62] 1951–1952 Oklahoma
Dwight R. G. Palmer[63][64] 1952–1953 New York
  Woodward, StanleyStanley Woodward[65][66] 1953–1955 Virginia
McCloskey, Matthew H.Matthew H. McCloskey[67][68] 1955–1962 Pennsylvania
MaGuire, RichardRichard MaGuire[69][70] 1962–1965 Indiana
Carter, Clifton C.Clifton C. Carter (acting)[70][71] 1965–1966 District of Columbia
Criswell, JohnJohn Criswell (acting)[72][73] 1966–1968 Oklahoma
  Short, Robert E.Robert E. Short (acting)[74][75] 1968–1969 Minnesota
O'Connor, Patrick J.Patrick J. O'Connor (acting)[75][76] 1969–1970 Minnesota
  Strauss, Robert S.Robert S. Strauss[76][77] 1970–1972 Texas
Petrie, DonaldDonald Petrie[78][79] 1972
Weingrow, HowardHoward Weingrow[79][80] 1972 New York
  McColough, C. PeterC. Peter McColough[81][82] 1973–1974 New York
  Williams, Edward BennettEdward Bennett Williams[83] 1974–1977 District of Columbia
McCleary, JoelJoel McCleary[84][85] 1977–1978 North Carolina
  Dobelle, EvanEvan Dobelle[86][87] 1978–1979 Massachusetts
Kelly, Peter G.Peter G. Kelly[88][89] 1979–1981 Connecticut
Curry, CharlesCharles Curry[89][90] 1981–1983 Missouri
  Kirk, Paul G.Paul G. Kirk[91][92] 1983–1985 Massachusetts
  Dixon, Sharon PrattSharon Pratt Dixon[92][93] 1985–1989 District of Columbia
Farmer, RobertRobert Farmer[94][95] 1989–1991
  Matsui, Robert T.Robert T. Matsui[96][97] 1991–1995 California
R. Scott Pastrick[98] 1995–1997 Maryland
Pensky, CarolCarol Pensky[99][100] 1997–1999
  Tobias, AndrewAndrew Tobias[100] 1999–2017
Derrough, BillBill Derrough[101][102] 2017–2021 California
McGregor, VirginiaVirginia McGregor[103] 2021–present Virginia


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الجدالات

Watergate

المقالة الرئيسية: Watergate scandal

In the 1970s, the DNC had its head office in the Watergate complex, which was burglarized by entities working for Richard Nixon's administration during the Watergate scandal.

Chinagate

المقالة الرئيسية: 1996 United States campaign finance controversy

Chinagate was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic American politics prior to and during the Clinton administration.[104] In 2002, the Federal Election Commission fined the Democratic National Committee $115,000 for its part in fundraising violations in 1996.[105]

Cyber attacks

المقالة الرئيسية: Democratic National Committee cyber attacks
 
Debbie Wasserman Schultz served as DNC chair from 2011 to 2016.

Cyber attacks and hacks were claimed by or attributed to various individual and groups such as:

  • According to committee officials and security experts, two competing Russian intelligence services were discovered on DNC computer networks. One intelligence service achieved infiltration beginning in the summer of 2015 and the other service breached and roamed the network beginning in April 2016. The two groups accessed emails, chats, and research on an opposing presidential candidate. They were expelled from the DNC system in June 2016.[106][107][108]
  • The hacker Guccifer 2.0 claimed that he hacked into the Democratic National Committee computer network and then leaked its emails to the newspaper The Hill.[109][110] During a CNN interview with Jake Tapper, Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, Robby Mook, cited experts saying that the DNC emails were leaked by the Russians but did not name the experts.[111][112] The press and cybersecurity firms discredited the Guccifer 2.0 claim, as investigators now believe Guccifer 2.0 was an agent of the G.R.U., Russia's military intelligence service.[106][108][113][114]

2016 email leak

المقالة الرئيسية: 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak
انظر أيضاً: Wilding v. DNC Services Corp.

On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released approximately 20,000 DNC emails.[115] Critics claimed that the Committee unequally favored Hillary Clinton and acted in support of her nomination while opposing the candidacy of her primary challenger Bernie Sanders. Donna Brazile corroborated these allegations in an excerpt of her book published by Politico in November 2017.[116] The leaked emails spanned sixteen months, terminating in May 2016.[117]

The WikiLeaks releases led to the resignations of Chairperson Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Communications Director Luis Miranda, Chief Financial Officer Brad Marshall and Chief Executive Amy Dacey.[118] After she resigned, Wasserman Schultz put out a statement about possible FBI assistance in investigating the hacking and leaks, saying that "the DNC was never contacted by the FBI or any other agency concerned about these intrusions."[119] During a Senate hearing in January 2017, James Comey testified that the FBI requested access to the DNC's servers, but its request was denied. He also testified that old versions of the Republican National Committee's servers were breached, but then-current databases were unaffected.[120]

The DNC subsequently filed a lawsuit in federal court against WikiLeaks and others alleging a conspiracy to influence the election.[121]

التاريخ

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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