إغريق

الإغريق هي كلمة أطلقها العرب علي سكان اليونان القدماء. وكان لهم حضاراتهم التي تعتبر أم الحضارات في أوربا كالحضارة الرومانية ولاسيما في الفنون والفلسفة والآداب ولاسيما في مدن أثينا وأسبرطة وطيبة اليونانية. وأصل حضارتهم قد ظهرت في جزيرة كريت وميسينيا من خلال الحضارتين المينوية والميسينية. ورغم أن الإغريق قد تبنوا فكرة الحرية والديموقراطية إلا أنهم لم يلغوا الرق ولم يحرروا العبيد. وكانوا محاربين مرتزقة في جيوش مصر والعراق وفارس لفقر بلادهم. وقد سكن الأراضي الإغريقية الآخيون والدريانيون والأيونيون (اليونانيون). وهؤلاء كانوا يختلفون في اللهجة والعادات. وكان يطلق عليهم البرابرة. وقد نقلوا الأبجدية من الفينيقيين وكانت سائدة بين الكنعانيين والسوريين. وكان الإغريق ينقسمون عشائريا لأربع قبائل هي الآخيون والأيونيون والدوريون والإينوليون. ويطلق خطأ كلمة هيلينيين على اليونانيين فقط. ولكن هذه الكلمة تطلق علي كل الشعوب التي خضعت لحكم الإغريق في اليونان وجزرها ومدن آسيا الصغرى وجنوه بإيطاليا وجزيرة صقلية. لأن كلمة هيلانس كان الإغريق يطلقونها علي كل البلدان التي كانوا يحتلونها ولاسيما بعد فتوحات الإسكندر الأكبر.

Greeks
Έλληνες

الصف الأول: هومر • الملك ليونيداس • پريكليس • هيرودوت • Hippocrates الصف الثاني: سقراط • أفلاطون • أرسطو • الِإسكندر الأكبر • أرخميدس الصف الثالث: هيپاتيا • باسيل الثاني • ألكسيوس كومننوس • Gemistos Plethon • إل گريكو الصف الرابع: Rigas Feraios • Theodoros Kolokotronis • Laskarina Bouboulina • Georgios Karaiskakis • Ioannis Kapodistrias • الصف الخامس: إلفثريوس ڤنيزلوس • قسطنطين كڤافي • Georgios Papanikolaou • الأسقف مكاريوس • Pyrros Dimas
التعداد الإجمالي
تقريباً 14 - 17 مليون
المناطق ذات التواجد المعتبر
اليونان	10,280,000 (تعداد 2001)
الولايات المتحدة	1,390,439-3,000,000a (تقدير 2009)
قبرص	792,604 (تقدير يوليو 2008)
المملكة المتحدة	400,000 (estimate)
أستراليا	365,120 (2006 census)-700,000a
ألمانيا	294,891 (2007 est.)
كندا	242,685b (2006 census)
ألبانيا	approx. 200,000
روسيا	100,000
أوكرانيا	91,500 (2001 census)
إيطاليا	90,000c (estimate)
جنوب أفريقيا	55,000 (2008 estimate)
البرازيل	50,000d
فرنسا	35,000(2009 est.)
الأرجنتين	30,000 (2008 estimate)
بلجيكا	15,742 (2007)
السويد	12,000–15,000
قزخستان	13,000 (est)
سويسرا	11,000 estimated
اوزبكستان	9,500 estimate
رومانيا	6,500 2002 census
أرمنيا	6,000
تركيا	2,500
سوريا	1,500
تشيلي	1,500
اللغات
Greek
الديانة
Greek Orthodox Christian, Hellenic polytheism
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Greek Cypriots, Pontic Greeks, Griko people
a Higher figure includes those of ancestral descent. b Those whose stated ethnic origins included "Greek" among others. The number of those whose stated ethnic origin is solely "Greek" is 145,250. An additional 3,395 Cypriots of undeclared ethnicity live in Canada. bApprox. 60,000 Griko people and 30,000 post WW2 migrants. d "Including descendants".

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 التاريخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: تاريخ اليونان

Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100-1900 B.C.) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakelariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)

Mycenaean funeral mask known as "Mask of Agamemnon", 16th c. BC

The Greeks speak the Greek language, which forms its own unique branch within the Indo-European family of languages, the Hellenic. They are part of a group of classical ethnicities, described by Anthony D. Smith as an "archetypal diaspora people".

 الأصول

للمزيد من المعلومات: Proto-Greek language, List of Ancient Greek tribes, and Ancient Greek religion

The Proto-Greeks probably arrived at the area now called Greece, in the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, at the end of the 3rd millennium BC between 2200 and 1900 BC. The sequence of migrations into the Greek mainland during the 2nd millennium BC has to be reconstructed on the basis of the ancient Greek dialects, as they presented themselves centuries later and are therefore subject to some uncertainties. There were at least two migrations, the first being the Ionians and Achaeans, which resulted in Mycenaean Greece by the 16th century BC, and the second, the Dorian invasion, around the 11th century BC, displacing the Arcadocypriot dialects, which descended from the Mycenaean period. Both migrations occur at incisive periods, the Mycenaean at the transition to the Late Bronze Age and the Doric at the Bronze Age collapse.

 الموكنية

المقالة الرئيسية: اليونان الموكنية

In ح. 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the Minoan civilization its syllabic writing system (Linear A) and developed their own syllabic script known as Linear B, providing the first and oldest written evidence of Greek. The Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the Aegean Sea and, by the 15th century BC, had reached Rhodes, Crete, Cyprus and the shores of Asia Minor.

 اللغة

المقالة الرئيسية: اللغة اليونانية and Greek language question

Early Greek alphabet, c. 8th century BC

A Greek speaker

Most Greeks speak the Greek language, an independent branch of the Indo-European languages, with its closest relations possibly being Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian) or the Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan). It has the longest documented history of any living language and Greek literature has a continuous history of over 2,500 years. The oldest inscriptions in Greek are in the Linear B script, dated as far back as 1450 BC. Following the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent, the Greek alphabet appears in the 9th–8th century BC. The Greek alphabet derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and in turn became the parent alphabet of the Latin, Cyrillic, and several other alphabets. The earliest Greek literary works are the Homeric epics, variously dated from the 8th to the 6th century BC. Notable scientific and mathematical works include Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest, and others. The New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek.

Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and Turkish origin. Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.

Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek). Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greek citizens in Greece and the diaspora are bilingual in other languages such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.

 الدين

المقالة الرئيسية: الدين في اليونان القديمة and الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية اليونانية

Christ Pantocrator mosaic في هاگيا صوفيا، اسطنبول

Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations.

Greek-speaking Muslims live mainly outside Greece in the contemporary era. There are both Christian and Muslim Greek-speaking communities in Lebanon and Syria, while in the Pontus region of Turkey there is a large community of indeterminate size who were spared from the population exchange because of their religious affiliation.

 الفنون

للمزيد من المعلومات: Greek art, Music of Greece, Ancient Greek architecture, Ancient Greek theatre, Modern Greek theatre, Cinema of Greece, Modern Greek architecture, and Modern Greek literature

انظر أيضاً: Greco-Buddhist art

Renowned Greek soprano ماريا كالاس

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 العلوم

انظر أيضاً: Ancient Greek philosophy, Greek mathematics, Ancient Greek medicine, Byzantine science, Greek scholars in the Renaissance, and List of Greek inventions and discoveries

Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric system, in the 3rd century BC

 الرموز

انظر أيضاً: علم اليونان

The national flag of Greece is commonly used as a symbol for Greeks worldwide

The flag of the Greek Orthodox Church is based on the coat of arms of the Palaiologoi, the last dynasty of the Byzantine Empire.

 المظهر الخارجي

Greek warriors, details from painted sarcophagus found in Italy, 350-325 BC

 خط زمني

The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Southern Italy, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

الزمن	الأحداث
c. 3rd millennium BC	Proto-Greek tribes from around the Southern Balkans/Aegean are generally thought to have arrived in the Greek mainland.
16th century BC	Decline of the Minoan civilization, possibly because of the eruption of Thera. Emergence of the Achaeans and formation of the Mycenaean civilization, which produced the earliest textual evidence of the Greek language.
13th century BC	First colonies established in Asia Minor.
11th century BC	The Mycenaean civilization ends in the presumed Dorian invasion. The Greek Dark Ages begin. Dorians move into peninsular Greece. Achaeans flee to Aegean Islands, Asia Minor and Cyprus.
9th century BC	Major colonization of Asia Minor and Cyprus by the Greek tribes.
8th century BC	First major colonies established in Sicily and Southern Italy. The first Pan-Hellenic festival, the Olympic games, is held in 776 BC. The emergence of Pan-Hellenism marks the ethnogenesis of the Greek nation.
6th century BC	Colonies established across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.
5th century BC	Defeat of the Persians and emergence of the Delian League in Ionia, the Black Sea and Aegean perimeter culminates in Athenian Empire and the Classical Age of Greece; ends with Athens defeat by Sparta at the close of the Peloponnesian War
4th century BC	Rise of Theban power and defeat of the Spartans; Rise of Macedon; Campaign of Alexander the Great; Greek colonies established in newly founded cities of Ptolemaic Egypt and Asia.
2nd century BC	Conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire. Migrations of Greeks to Rome.
4th century AD	Eastern Roman Empire. Migrations of Greeks throughout the Empire, mainly towards Constantinople.
7th century	Slavic conquest of several parts of Greece, Greek migrations to Southern Italy, Roman emperors capture main Slavic bodies and transfer them to Cappadocia. The Bosporus is re-populated by Macedonian and Cypriot Greeks.
8th century	Roman dissolution of surviving Slavic settlements in Greece and full recovery of the Greek peninsula.
9th century	Retro-migrations of Greeks from all parts of the Empire (mainly from Southern Italy and Sicily) into parts of Greece that were depopulated by the Slavic Invasions (mainly western Peloponnesus and Thessaly).
13th century	Roman Empire dissolves, Constantinople taken by the Fourth Crusade; becoming the capital of the Latin Empire. Liberated after a long struggle by the Empire of Nicaea, but fragments remain separated. Migrations between Asia Minor, Constantinople and mainland Greece take place.
15th century – 19th century	Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire. Greek diaspora into Europe begins. Ottoman settlements in Greece. Phanariot Greeks occupy high posts in Eastern European millets.

Time	Events
1830s	Creation of the modern Greek state. Immigration to the New World begins. Large-scale migrations from Constantinople and Asia Minor to Greece take place.
1913	European Ottoman lands partitioned; unorganized migrations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks towards their respective states.
1914–1923	Greek genocide; hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Greeks are estimated to have died during this period.
1919	Treaty of Neuilly; Greece and Bulgaria exchange populations, with some exceptions.
1922	The Destruction of Smyrna (modern-day Izmir) more than 40 thousand Greeks killed; end of significant Greek presence in Asia Minor.
1923	Treaty of Lausanne; Greece and Turkey agree to exchange populations with limited exceptions of the Greeks in Constantinople, Imbros, Tenedos and the Muslim minority of Western Thrace. 1.5 million of Asia Minor and Pontic Greeks settle in Greece, and some 450 thousands of Muslims settle in Turkey.
1940s	Hundreds of thousands of Greeks die of starvation during the Great Famine caused by the Axis occupation.
1947	Communist Romania begins evictions of the Greek community; approx. 75,000 migrate.
1948	Greek Civil War: tens of thousands of communists and their families flee to Eastern Bloc nations. Thousands settle in Tashkent.
1950s	Massive emigration of Greeks to West Germany, the United States, Australia, Canada, and other countries.
1955	Istanbul pogrom against the city's Greeks. Exodus of Greeks accelerates; fewer than 2,000 remain today.
1958	Large Greek community in Alexandria flees Nasser's Arab socialist regime in Egypt.
1960s	Republic of Cyprus created as a sovereign state under Greek, Turkish and British protection. Economic emigration continues.
1974	Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Almost all Greeks living in northern Cyprus flee to the south or the United Kingdom.
1980s	Many civil war refugees allowed to return to Greece. Retro-migration of Greeks from Germany begins.
1990s	Dissolution of the Soviet Union. Approximately 340,000 ethnic Greeks migrate from Georgia, Armenia, southern Russia, and Albania to Greece.
early 2000s	Some statistics show the beginning of a trend of reverse migration of Greeks from the United States and Australia.
2010s	Over 200,000 people, particularly young skilled individuals, emigrate to other EU states due to high unemployment (see also Greek government-debt crisis).

 انظر أيضاً

• Antiochian Greeks
• Arvanites
• Cappadocian Greeks
• Caucasian Greeks
• Greek Cypriots
• Greek Diaspora
• Griko people
• Karamanlides
• Macedonians (Greeks)
• Maniots
• Greek Muslims
• Northern Epirotes
• Pelasgians
• Pontic Greeks
• Romaniotes
• Sarakatsani
• Tsakones
• Lists
  • List of ancient Greeks
  • List of Greeks
  • List of Greek Americans

 ملاحظات

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