المعرفة

نهر آمور

(تم التحويل من الآمور)
هذا المقال هو عن النهر. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر آمور (توضيح). إذا كنت تريد المقاطعة الصينية، انظر خـِيْ‌لونگ‌جيانگ.

نهر آمور (روسية: река́ Аму́р, IPA: [ɐˈmur]), or Heilong Jiang (صينية: 黑龙江؛ پن‌ين: Hēilóng Jiāng�, "Black Dragon River", IPA: [xéɪ.lʊ̌ŋ tɕjɑ́ŋ]؛ إنگليزية: Amur River)[2]، هو عاشر أطول نهر على وجه الأرض، مكوناً الحدود بين الشرق الأقصى الروسي وشمال شرق الصين.

آمور
هـِيْ‌لونگ جيانگ (黑龙江)
Amur River.JPG
نهر آمور (خـِيْ‌لونگ‌ جيانگ)
Amurrivermap.png
خريطة حوض الآمور
الاسم المحليАмур  (روسية)
الموقع
البلدان
المدن
السمات الطبيعية
المنبعOnon-شيلكا
 ⁃ الموقعKhan Khentii Strictly Protected Area، مقاطعة خنتي، منغوليا
 ⁃ الإحداثيات48°48′59″N 108°46′13″E / 48.81639°N 108.77028°E / 48.81639; 108.77028
 ⁃ المنسوب2,045 m (6,709 ft)
2nd sourceأرگون
 ⁃ الموقعGreater Khingan, Hulunbuir, الصين
 ⁃ الإحداثيات49°56′13″N 122°27′54″E / 49.937°N 122.465°E / 49.937; 122.465
Source confluence 
 ⁃ الموقعبالقرب من پوكروڤكا، روسيا
 ⁃ الإحداثيات53°19′58″N 121°28′37″E / 53.33278°N 121.47694°E / 53.33278; 121.47694
 ⁃ المنسوب303 متر
المصبمضيق تارتاري
 - الموقع
بالقرب من نيقولايڤسك على الآمور، كراي خبروڤسك، روسيا
 - الإحداثيات
52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E / 52.94722°N 141.08389°E / 52.94722; 141.08389Coordinates: 52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E / 52.94722°N 141.08389°E / 52.94722; 141.08389
 - المنسوب
0 متر
الطول2824 كم[1]
مساحة الحوض1,855,000 km2 (716,000 sq mi)[1]
التدفق 
 ⁃ الموقعmouth
 ⁃ المتوسط11,400 m3/s (400,000 cu ft/s)
 ⁃ أدنى تدفق514 m3/s (18,200 cu ft/s)
 ⁃ أقصى تدفق30,700 m3/s (1,080,000 cu ft/s)
سمات الحوض
النظام النهريمضيق تارتاري
الروافد 
 - اليسرىشيلكا، زيا، بوريا، أمگون
 - اليمنىأرگون، هوما، سونگ‌هوا، أوسوري

نهر الأمور نهر في شرق سيبريا تَشَكَّل بانضمام نهري الأرجون والشيلكا. يبلغ طول نهر الآمور 4,416كم. ويجري باتجاه الشرق على طول الحدود الصينية الشمالية، ومن ثَمَّ يتجه شمالاً نحو كراي خبروڤسك في روسيا. ويصب في مضيق التاتار، الذي يظهر كذراع من بحر أوخوتسك. وتغطِّي أودية نهر الأمور وفروعه، حوالي 1,990,000 كم². وتضم فروع نهر الأمور أنهُر أوسوري، وسنغاري، وزيا، وبوريا.

تُبحر القوارب الكبيرة في نهر الأمور على معظم طوله من شهر أبريل حتى شهر نوفمبر. وتقع مدينتا خباروڤسك وكومسومولسك على ضفتي نهر الأمور. وتربط السكك الحديدية هاتين المدينتين بميناء ڤلاديڤوستوك في الجنوب. ويُسمِّي الصينيون نهر الأمور باسم هـِيْ‌لونگ جيانگ، أو نهر التنين الأسود.

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الاسم

Historically, it was common to refer to a river simply as "water." There are similar words for "water" or "river" in a number of Asiatic languages: e.g. 물 mul ("water") in Korean, muren or mörön ("river") in Mongolian, and 水 midu > mizu ("water") in Japanese. The name "Amur" may have evolved from a root word for water, coupled with a size modifier for "Big Water".[3]

The Chinese name for the river, Heilong Jiang, means Black Dragon River in Chinese, and its Mongolian name, Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн), means Black River.[1]

الآمور يسمى Hara-Muren بالمنغولية، Silkar بالتونگوسية، Sahaliyan Ula بالمنشورية.[4]

Its ancient names were Yushui, Wanshui and Heishui.[5] الاسم الروسي Amur تنحدر من الاسم المنغولي Amar، وتعني هادئ.


مجرى النهر

نهر آمور
 
جسر خبروڤسك عبر الآمور كان لزمن أطول جسر في روسيا الامبراطورية وأوراسيا.
Chinese name
الصينية التقليدية黑龍江
الصينية المبسطة黑龙江
المعنى الحرفي"نهر التنين الأسود"
Mongolian name
الكيريلية المنغولية[Хар Мөрөн
(Khar Mörön)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Manchu name
Manchu script 
(Sahaliyan Ula)
Russian name
Russian[Амур
(Amur)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)

The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at the confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune), at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft).[6] It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He. Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between the cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya.

The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya, then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres (160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua, at Tongjiang. At the confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk, where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and the river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun. Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary.

الروافد

أكبر روافد الآمور هي، من المنبع إلى المصب:[7][8]

التاريخ والسياق

Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Outer Manchuria (Russian Manchuria) and Inner Manchuria (northeast China). The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred, use the name sahaliyan ula (Black River).

The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations. The Amur became especially prominent in the period of the Sino–Soviet political split of 1956-1966.[بحاجة لمصدر]

For many[كمية] centuries inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Tungusic (Evenki, Solon, Ducher, Jurchen, Nanai, Ulch), Mongol (Daur) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs.[9] For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to the Han Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens. The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.

 
A remnant of Yishiha's monuments at Tyr 1860ح.  1860

The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty, established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and14th centuries; ruins of a Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr.[10]

During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government.[11][12] Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty.[13] In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria.[بحاجة لمصدر]

 
Goldi village along the Amur, north of Khabarovsk, 1895
 
Goldi men with dog sled on the Amur, 1895

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.[14]

Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons.

 
The Amur (under its Manchu name, Saghalien Oula) and its tributaries on a 1734 map by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, based upon maps of Jesuits in China. Albazin is shown as Jaxa, the old (Ming) site of Aigun as Aihom and the later, Qing Aigun, as Saghalien Oula.

At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China; but a few decades later, during the Kangxi era of 1661-1722, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers of the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise.[15] Albazin fell during a short military campaign in 1685. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, concluded in 1689, marked the end of the hostilities: it left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands.

Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with the Argun.[16] The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing.[17]

The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).

The acquisition of the lands on the Amur and the Ussuri was followed by the migration of Russian settlers to the region and the construction of such cities as Blagoveshchensk and, later, Khabarovsk.

Numerous river steamers, built in England, plied the Amur by the late 19th century. Tsar Nicolas II, then Tsarovitch, visited Vladivostok and then cruised up the river. Mining dredges were imported from America to work the placer gold of the river. Barge and river traffic was greatly hindered by the Civil War of 1918–22. The Soviet Reds had the Amur Flotilla which patrolled the river on sequestered riverboats. In the 1930s and during the War the Japanese had their own flotilla on the river. In 1945 the Soviets again put their own flotilla on the river. The ex-German Yangtse gunboats Vaterland and Otter, on Chinese Nationalist Navy service, patrolled the Amur in the 1920s.


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الحياة البرية

It is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amul. The majority are of the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes, followed in number by Salmonidae. Several of the species are endemic. Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby coastal rivers.[18]

Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga, Amur sturgeon, Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet. The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s.[19]

الاتجاه

 
On the Amur in Khabarovsk

Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two tributaries), from the mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert, steppe, tundra, and taiga, eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.

The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in sahaliyan ula, "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or "Karafuto" is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.

The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas the minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514 cubic metres per second (18,200 cu ft/s).[20]

الجسور والأنفاق

The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well.

Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed.

 
Ice drift على الآمور

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[21] The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[22] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. The bridge is expected to open in 2020.[23]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت Muranov, Aleksandr Pavlovich; Greer, Charles E.; Owen, Lewis. "Amur River". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  2. ^ Liaoning province's archive, Manchu Veritable Record Upper Vol《滿洲實錄上函/manju-i yargiyan kooli dergi dobton》
  3. ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 43. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  4. ^ The fishes of the Amur River:updated check-list and zoogeography Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ The fishes of the Amur River:updated check-list and zoogeography Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة bse
  8. ^ قالب:GVR
  9. ^ Peter Bellwood; Immanuel Ness (10 November 2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. John Wiley & Sons. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-118-97059-1.
  10. ^ Головачев В. Ц. (V. Ts. Golovachev), «Тырские стелы и храм „Юн Нин“ в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV—XV вв.» Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine (The Tyr Stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in the context of Sino-Jurchen relations of the 14-15th centuries) Этно-Журнал, 2008-11-14. (in روسية)
  11. ^ L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-231-03801-1
  12. ^ Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, "Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle". Published by University of Washington Press, 2002. ISBN 0-295-98124-5 Partial text Archived 2017-01-10 at the Wayback Machine on Google Books. pp. 158-159.
  13. ^ Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735). Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise. Vol. Volume IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16. Archived from the original on 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-04-01. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help) Numerous later editions are available as well, including one on Google Books Archived 2017-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of Aigun, as Aykom. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
  14. ^ Forsyth 1994 Archived 2016-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, p. 214.
  15. ^ Du Halde (1735), pp. 15-16
  16. ^ Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin p. 245-250
  17. ^ Kim 2012/2013 Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, p. 169.
  18. ^ The fishes of the Amur River:updated check-list and zoogeography Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrencki Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Amur at Komsomolsk". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  21. ^ Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade Archived 2013-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, China Daily, June 19, 2007.
  22. ^ Andrew Higgins (July 16, 2016). "An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  23. ^ "China and Russia Linked by New Bridge Across Amur River". The Independent. June 5, 2019. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.

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