إيدل
İdil | |
|---|---|
الموقع في تركيا | |
| الإحداثيات: 37°20′28″N 41°53′38″E / 37.341°N 41.894°E | |
| البلد | تركيا |
| المحافظة | Şırnak |
| القضاء | İdil |
| الحكومة | |
| • Mayor | Türkan Kayır (Independent) |
| التعداد (2021)[1] | 30٬271 |
| منطقة التوقيت | TRT (UTC+3) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
آزخ (إيدل) (بالسريانية: ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ) بلدة هامة دينياً وتاريخياً تقع في جنوب شرقي تركيا أو ما يعرف بميزوبوتاميا العليا، كانت تعرف سابقاً باسم "آزخ" وتقع ضمن الحدود الإدارية لمحافظة شرناك، محاذية لولاية ماردين (محافظة).
كانت من أقوى القرى المحصنة في فترة مذابح سيفو التي تمت فيها تصفية المسيحيين في تلك المناطق على يد الدولة العثمانية, وهي آخر القرى التي سقطت بيد الدولة العثمانية, معظم أهل آزخ الذين يعرفون بالآزخيين أو الأزخينيين, تشتتوا وانتشروا في أصقاع الأرض غالبيتهم العظمى هاجرت إلى سورية واستقروا في مدينة ديريك (المالكية) والقامشلي.
تسمية آزخ
تدعى باللغة السريانية بازبدي أو بيث زبداي (ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ) (ܐܙܟ̥) (Azekh) ومن أعظم قراها كفشنا (ܟܦܫܢܐ) ،و أسفس ،و عميرين، وحدل.
يعرفها التاريخ الكنَسي باسم (ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ) أي (بيث زبداي أو بازبدي)، ويطلق عليها المؤرّخون العرب (بازبدي). ذكرها ياقوت الحموي في كتابه معجم البلدان. والتاريخ أحياناً يطلق هذه التسمية على آزخ الحاليّة، وأحياناً نرى أن هذه التسمية تعم لتشمل كافة ربوع المنطقة. وهكذا فعل التاريخ الكنسي، الذي عرف المنطقة بأبرشية بازبدي (ܡܪܥܝܬܐ ܕ ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ)؛ وعيّن لها أسقفاً كان يُعرف باسم (مطران أبرشية بازبدي). ويطلق عليها ياقوت الحموي اسم (باقردي) وبهذه التسمية الأخيرة عرفت عند أكثر المؤرخين العرب.
مبشري بازبدي آزخ


دخلتها المسيحية منذ القرن الأول الميلادي ويشهد بذلك وجود اسم لأسقف بيث زبداي من سنة 120م، كما أن وجود دير مار أوكين المبشر في جبل الأزل (إيزلا) قد رفد المنطقة بالإيمان المستقيم بين كل أبنائها بصلوات القديسة العذراء مريم وكل القديسيين.
و مع أن المسيحيّة دخلت إلى هذه الكورة مبكّراً إلا أننا نجد المبشّرين والقديسين يقبلون إليها من حين لآخر يزرعون التعليم الصحيح من أمثال القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني أسقف نصيبين، ففي القرون المسيحيّة الأولى نرى اهتمام القدّيس مار يعقوب النصيبيني بهذه البقعة المقدّسة التي زارها ليتبرّك من المكان الذي اختاره الله ليكون مستقرّاً لفلك نوح، وليبشّر بين أهلها بالتعليم المستقيم. ومن أشهر تلاميذ القديس مار أوكين (ܡܪܝ ܐܘܓܝܢ) الذين بشّروا في كورة بازبدي أو بيت زبداي، نذكر القديسين مار ميخائيل الآمدي ومار آحا ومار يوحانون ويوحانون كامولايا والناسك فنحاس الشهيد ومار إشعيا الحلبي.
الموقع الجغرافي والتاريخي
تقع بازبدي آزخ اليوم في جنوب شرقي تركيا. يرتفع فيها جبل الجودي،[2] الذي يعتقد المسلمون أن سفينة نوح استوت على أعلى قممه أيام الطوفان (انظر الكتاب المقدس سفر التكوين بالسريانية، انظر سورة هود في القرآن الآية 44)[2]. يخترقها نهر دجلة قادماً من منابعه في جبال أرمينيا الشمالية.
وتقع أبرشية بازبدي ضمن المنطقة المعروفة لدى المؤرخين العرب باسم (ܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ) بيث عربايا (كلمة سريانية تعني الأراضي الغربية)، والمراعيث المتعلّقة بها هي بازبدي وقردو، وعاصمتها فنّك أو بنّك. وهي اليوم تقع كنسيّاً ضمن أبرشية طور عبدين السريانية.
والمنطقة – كما هو معروف – غنيّة جدّاً بالينابيع والأنهر التي ترفد نهر دجلة وفيها تلال الدوكرى، وجبل العلم، والجبل الأبيض الذي أحالهُ سكان آزخ إلى جنة خضراء مليئة بأشجار الكرمة والتين والمَحلب والبلّوط.
يحدّ المنطقة من الجنوب جبل الأزل (جبل إيزلا)، الذي كان معقلاً للعلوم الدينيّة ومقرّاً للعديد من الأديار التي أنجبت العديد من العلماء والقدّيسين وعلى رأسها دير مار أوكين المبشّر.
التاريخ
Azakh (today called İdil) is identified as the town of Ashikhu,[3] or Asiḫu, which is earliest attested in an administrative note from the governor's archive at Tell Halaf, during the reign of Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, in the late 9th and early 8th century BC.[4] Azakh was later conflated with the neighbouring city of Bezabde, and led to its alternative Syriac name Beth Zabday.[5]
الدولة العثمانية
Muhammad Pasha, Emir of Rawandiz, took advantage of the disruption caused to the Ottoman Empire by the Egyptian Muhammad Ali's invasion of Syria in 1831–1832 to expand his realm, and besieged Azakh in 1834.[6][7] The emir surrendered, however, upon the arrival of a large Ottoman army under the leadership of Reşid Mehmed Pasha.[6] The village was attacked again later by Bedir Khan Beg, Emir of Bohtan, in 1847,[8] resulting in the death of Cyril George, Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Azakh,[9] a priest, and eight congregants.[10]
دفاع آزخ
At the beginning of the 20th century, the village had a population of 1000, and was inhabited by Arabic-speaking Syriac Orthodox and Syriac Catholic Christians,[11][12] some of whom emigrated to Brazil in 1914.[13] Amidst the Sayfo, in July 1915,[12] refugees from the villages of Esfes, Kefshenne, Kufakh, Babqqa, and Khaddel fled to Azakh.[14] The village was subsequently attacked by Kurdish tribesmen from mid-August until their withdrawal on 9 September.[12] An expeditionary force of approximately 8000 Ottoman soldiers and Kurdish auxiliaries,[15] led jointly by Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter and Ömer Naci, was diverted from its original task to conduct anti-Russian operations in Iran to besiege Azakh,[16] and arrived in late October.[12] Scheubner-Richter refused to involve Germans in the siege, and the first attack began on 7 November.[12] After subsequent attacks, and a Syriac counter-attack on 14 November, the Turkish army retreated on 21 November.[12]
الجمهورية التركية

The village became the seat of a bucak (subdistrict) of Cizre in 1924.[17] In the following year, a number of villagers emigrated to Brazil,[13] at which time 100 Syriacs were deported from Azakh.[18] In the aftermath of the failure of the Kurdish Sheikh Said rebellion, the Turkish government enacted oppressive measures, thus in 1926 the inhabitants of Azakh were accused of complicity in the rebellion, and of possession of arms received from the British government.[19] The Turkish authorities alleged that the village's men had served in the British Iraq Levies on the basis of the discovery of British rifles and permits to carry arms in English and Arabic in Azakh.[19] The population was thus disarmed after the arrival of 1500 Turkish soldiers, and 257 or 357 men from Azakh and neighbouring villages, including notables and three priests, were accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned at Cizre.[19][20] The Syriacs of Azakh were deemed unsuitable for Turkification by the Turkish government, and as a result aimed to exterminate those who had survived the genocide, whereby those who had been arrested were beaten and denied food whilst imprisoned.[20] They were later transferred to Midyat, where most were released in August 1926, whilst notables remained imprisoned, who were transferred to Harpoot until eventually released after five more months.[20]
Syriacs from Azakh emigrated to Ain Diwar and Al-Malikiyah in northeastern Syria in the early 1930s after the construction of French military bases.[21] The village was elevated to district in 1937, upon which it was officially renamed İdil.[17] The village was inhabited by 3500 Syriacs in 1964.[22] As a result of the Cypriot crisis of 1963-1964, Syriacs of İdil were the victim of anti-Christian riots.[23] The village was exclusively populated by Syriacs until the mid-1970s;[24] this was in part due to the prohibition of sale of property to Muslim Kurds by Mayor Şükrü Tutuş.[25] Efforts to encroach on the Syriac population resulted in the construction of social housing for Kurds in the village, who consequently amounted to 10% of the population,[25] and the election of Abdurrahman Abay, chief of the Kurdish Kecan tribe, as mayor in 1979 with the aid of the Turkish authorities, including the military commander, judge, and district governor.[26] Abay alleged that he received congratulations via telegram from Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, for the "Muslim conquest of Idil".[26] This led the Syriac population to decline in the 1970s and 1980s.[22]
After their forced eviction by the Turkish army on 20 November 1993, a number of Syriac refugees from Hassana fled to İdil.[27] On 9 January 1994, Melke Tok, priest of Miden, was abducted whilst en route from İdil to Bsorino.[28] The priest was later released after negotiations,[29] and attested that, whilst in captivity, he was buried alive and pressured into converting to Islam.[30] The murder of former mayor Şükrü Tutuş on 17 June 1994 led the remaining Christian population of several hundred people to seek asylum in Western Europe, and was followed by the Kurdish repopulation of the village.[26] Syriacs later returned, but by 2015 only 50 inhabited the city.[22]
The eruption of violence in early 2016 led all but two Syriacs to flee İdil,[22] as well as an estimated three thousand people, and a curfew was imposed on 16 February.[31] The Turkish army began operations in the city on 18 February and claimed to have killed at least 47 PKK militants by 25 February.[32] The curfew was partially lifted on 31 March and the refugees returned to İdil,[33] including at least four Syriac families.[22] In late July 2019, Syriac properties in the district were struck by suspected arson attacks.[34] As of September 2020, only 23 Syriacs inhabit İdil.[35]
Government
The town is divided into the six neighbourhoods of Aşağı, Atakent, Turgut Özal, Yeni and Yukarı.[36]
Mayors
| Election | Mayor | Party |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Türkan Kayır | DEM Party |
| 2019 | Songül Erdem | HDP |
| 2014 | Mehmet Muhdi Arslan | BDP |
| 2009 | Resul Sadak | DTP |
| 2004 | Resul Sadak | SHP |
| 1994 | Murat Dalmış | DYP |
| 1979 | Abdurrahman Abay | ANAP |
| 1966 | Şükrü Tutuş | ANAP |
Mayor Mehmet Muhdi Arslan and deputy mayor Nevin Girasun were suspended on 20 September 2016 following their arrest in August on suspicion of aiding and abetting the PKK, and Kaymakam (district governor) Ersin Tepeli was appointed as trustee on the following day.[37]
Notable people
- Jacques Behnan Hindo (b. 1941), Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Al-Hasakah-Nisibis.[38]
المصادر والمراجع
- آزخ أحداث ورجال - للشماس يوسف القس - سوريا
- كتاب أمثال من بازبدي آزخ - للشماس لحدو اسحق.
- كتاب بازبدي عبق الإيمان - للشماس الأرخدياقون لحدو اسحق.
- كتاب المورد العذب للبطريرك أفرام الأول برصوم.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:03 - ^ أ ب [1]
- ^ Palmer (1990), p. 29.
- ^ Radner (2006), pp. 296–297.
- ^ Palmer (1990), p. 155.
- ^ أ ب Jongerden & Verheij (2012), pp. 253–254.
- ^ Barsoum (2003), p. 157.
- ^ Abdalla (2018), p. 97.
- ^ Barsoum (2008), p. 59.
- ^ Jongerden & Verheij (2012), p. 255.
- ^ Bardakci et al. (2017), p. 169.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Azakh". Foundation for Conservation and Promotion of the Aramaic Cultural Heritage (in الألمانية). Retrieved 11 أغسطس 2020.
- ^ أ ب Atto (2011), p. 163.
- ^ Sato (2001), p. 54.
- ^ DelCogliano (2006), p. 342.
- ^ Dadrian (2002), p. 66.
- ^ أ ب "İdil". Şırnak Valiliği (in التركية). Retrieved 11 أغسطس 2020.
- ^ Atto (2011), p. 98.
- ^ أ ب ت Altuġ (2011), pp. 127–128.
- ^ أ ب ت Sato (2001), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Sato (2001), p. 64.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Güsten (2016), p. 9.
- ^ Güsten (2016), p. 8.
- ^ Joseph (1984), p. 103.
- ^ أ ب Susanne Güsten (22 يناير 2015). "Robert Tutus ist der letzte Christ im anatolischen Idil". Der Tagesspiegel (in الألمانية). Retrieved 28 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ أ ب ت Susanne Güsten (4 أبريل 2012). "Hopes to Revive the Christian Area of Turkey". New York Times. Retrieved 8 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ Atto (2011), p. 139.
- ^ "UA 03/94 - TURKEY: ABDUCTION / FEAR OF EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING: MELKE TOK". Amnesty International. 10 يناير 1994. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ Atto (2011), p. 133.
- ^ Pacal, Jan (29 أغسطس 1996). "What happened to the Turkish Assyrians?". Assyrian International News Agency. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ "Fresh curfew declared amid exodus from İdil". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 فبراير 2016. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ "Turkish army kills 47 PKK militants in İdil in week". Hürriyet Daily News. 25 فبراير 2016. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ "Thousands return to ruined İdil after 43-day curfew". Hürriyet Daily News. 31 مارس 2016. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ "Fires on Assyrian land raise arson alarm". Ahval News. 6 أغسطس 2019. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- ^ Ozbek, Aysegul (1 سبتمبر 2020). ""Çocukluğumu, anadilimi, arkadaşlarımı bıraktım İdil'de"". Bianet (in التركية). Retrieved 12 سبتمبر 2020.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:12 - ^ "İdil Belediyesi'ne Kayyum, Eş Başkanı Gözaltında". Bianet (in التركية). 21 سبتمبر 2016. Retrieved 12 سبتمبر 2020.
- ^ "Archbishop Jacques Behnan Hindo". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 11 أغسطس 2020.
وصلات داخلية
المراجع
الهامش
Citations
Bibliography
- Abdalla, Michael (2017). Dżihad w praktyce : Asyryjczycy miejscowości Azach (Azakh) w Górnej Mezopotamii w latach I wojny światowej : opór, ugoda, zdemilitaryzowanie, exodus [Jihad in Practice. The Assyrians of Azakh in Upper Mesopotamia during World War I: Resistance, Agreement, Demilitarization, and Exodus]. Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. pp. 141–186.
- Abdalla, Michael (2018). "The term Seyfo in historical perspective". In Hannibal Travis (ed.). The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies. Routledge. pp. 92–105.
- Altuġ, Seda (2011). Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: Community, land and violence in the memories of World War I and the French mandate (1915- 1939). Utrecht University. hdl:1874/205821. Retrieved 11 أغسطس 2020.
- Atto, Naures (2011). Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora (PDF). Leiden University Press. Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez, Anamneza bi Kurmancî.
- Bardakci, M.; Freyberg-Inan, A.; Giesel, C.; Leisse, O. (2017). Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. Retrieved 25 أكتوبر 2019.
- Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 يوليو 2020.
- Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). History of the Za'faran Monastery. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 يونيو 2021.
- Biner, Zerrin Ozlem (2019). States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2002). "The Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians as Documented by the Officials of the Ottoman Empire's World War I Allies: Germany and Austria-Hungary". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 34 (1): 59–85. doi:10.1017/S0020743802001034.
- DelCogliano, Mark (2006). "Syriac Monasticism in Tur Abdin: A Present-Day Account". Cistercian Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 311–349.
- Güsten, Susanne (2016). A Farewell to Tur Abdin (PDF). Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (2012). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill.
- Joseph, John (1984). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. SUNY Press.
- Palmer, Andrew (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 يوليو 2020.
- Radner, Karen (2006). "How to reach the Upper Tigris: The route through the Tur Abdin" (PDF). State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 15: 273–305. Retrieved 11 أغسطس 2020.
- Sato, Noriko (2001). Memory and Social Identity among Syrian Orthodox Christians (PDF). Retrieved 27 ديسمبر 2019.
- Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. ISBN 9780907132349.
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- CS1 الألمانية-language sources (de)
- CS1 التركية-language sources (tr)
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Use dmy dates from August 2020
- Use British English from August 2020
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- طور عبدين
- Populated places in İdil District
- Assyrian communities in Turkey
- Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province
- Places of the Sayfo
- Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia
- District municipalities in Turkey
- منطقة جنوب شرق الأناضول
- مدن تركيا
- مناطق آشورية/سريانية/كلدانية