المعرفة

محرك ڤانكل

(تم التحويل من Wankel engine)
هذا المقال هو عن a particular pistonless rotary engine. إذا كنت تريد other pistonless rotary engines، انظر pistonless rotary engine. إذا كنت تريد piston designs arranged in a rotary configuration، انظر rotary engine.

محرك فانكل ذو المكبس الدوار هو محرك ذو مكبس دوراني Rotatory piston اخترعه فيلكس فانكل عام 1954 واختبر للمرة الأولى عام 1957. ولهذا المحرك مزايا عديدة تجعله خيرا من المحرك ذي الاحتراق التقليدي. فهو أسرع منه، وأخف وزنا، وأحسن أداء وتوازنا، وأقل ضجيجا وتلويثا للهواء.

A Wankel engine with its rotor and geared output shaft.
The Mazda RX-8 sports car is the last production car to be powered by a Wankel engine.
Norton Classic air-cooled twin-rotor motorcycle

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التصميم

 
The Wankel KKM motorcycle: The "A" marks one of the three apices of the rotor. The "B" marks the eccentric shaft, and the white portion is the lobe of the eccentric shaft. The shaft turns three times for each rotation of the rotor around the lobe and once for each orbital revolution around the eccentric shaft.
 
Schematic of the Wankel:
  1. Intake
  2. Exhaust
  3. Stator housing
  4. Chambers
  5. Pinion
  6. Rotor
  7. Crown gear
  8. Eccentric shaft
  9. Spark plug.



التاريخ

التطوير المبكر

 
The first DKM Wankel engine designed by Felix Wankel, the DKM 54 (Drehkolbenmotor), at the Deutsches Museum in Bonn, Germany: the rotor and its housing spin
 
The first KKM Wankel Engine designed by Hanns Dieter Paschke, the NSU KKM 57P (Kreiskolbenmotor), at Autovision und Forum, Germany: the rotor housing is static.



الهندسة

 
Apex seals, left NSU Ro 80 Serie and Research and right Mazda 12A and 13B
 
  • Left: Mazda L10A camber axial cooling
  • Middle: Audi NSU EA871 axial water cooling only the hot bow
  • Right: Diamond Engines Wankel radial cooling only the hot bow


Compression-ignition rotary

مقال رئيسي: Wankel Diesel engine
 
Rolls Royce R6 two stage rotary compression ignition engine
 
Rolls-Royce R1C compression ignition prototype.


وقود الهيدروجين

 
Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE hydrogen fuelled rotary engined car

Using hydrogen fuel in Wankel engines improved efficiency by 23% over gasoline fuel with near zero emissions.[1] Four-stroke reciprocating piston Otto cycle engines are not well suited for conversion to hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen/air fuel mix can misfire on hot parts of the engine like the exhaust valve and spark plugs, as all four stroke operations occur in the same chamber.



المزايا

 
NSU Wankel Spider, the first line of cars sold with a rotor Wankel engine
 
Mazda Cosmo, the first series two rotor Wankel engine sports car

Prime advantages of the Wankel engine are:[2]

  • A far higher power to weight ratio than a piston engine
  • Approximately one third of the size of a piston engine of equivalent power output
  • Easier to package in small engine spaces than an equivalent piston engine
  • No reciprocating parts
  • Able to reach higher revolutions per minute than a piston engine
  • Operating with almost no vibration
  • Not prone to engine-knock
  • Cheaper to mass-produce, because the engine contains fewer parts
  • Superior breathing, filling the combustion charge in 270 degrees of mainshaft rotation rather than 180 degrees in a piston engine
  • Supplying torque for about two thirds of the combustion cycle rather than one quarter for a piston engine
  • Wider speed range giving greater adaptability
  • Can use fuels of wider octane ratings
  • Does not suffer from "scale effect" to limit its size.
  • Easily adapted and highly suitable to use hydrogen fuel.
  • On some Wankel engines the sump oil remains uncontaminated by the combustion process, so no oil changes are required. The oil in the mainshaft is totally sealed from the combustion process. The oil for Apex seals and crankcase lubrication is separate. In piston engines the crankcase oil is contaminated by combustion blow-by through the piston rings.[3]

العيوب

Although many of the disadvantages are the subject of ongoing research, the current disadvantages of the Wankel engine in production are the following:[4]

Rotor sealing
Apex seal lifting
Slow combustion
Bad fuel economy using gasoline fuel
High emissions

التطبيقات

سباق السيارات

 
Mazda 787B


محركات الدراجات النارية

 
Norton Interpol2 prototype


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محركات الطائرات

 
Wankel RC2-60 Aeronautical Rotary Engine
 
ARV Super2 with the British MidWest AE110 twin-rotor Wankel engine
 
Diamond DA20 with a Diamond Engines Wankel
 
Sikorsky Cypher Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) powered with a UEL AR801 Wankel engine

In principle, Wankel engines are ideal for light aircraft, being light, compact, almost vibrationless, and with a high power-to-weight ratio.


تمديد نطاق السيارة

 
Structure of a series-hybrid vehicle. The grey square represents a differential gear. An alternative arrangement (not shown) is to have electric motors at two or four wheels.
 
Mazda2 EV prototype


الاستخدامات الأخرى

 
UEL UAV-741 Wankel engine for a UAV


الاحتراق غير الداخلي

 
Ogura Wankel Air conditioning system compressor



انظر أيضا

الهامش

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة cder.dz
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة PS-April-1966
  3. ^ "SPARCS". Advanced Innovative Engineering. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  4. ^ Sinitsky, John (11 September 2008). "Wankel Engine - Part III - problems and disadvantages". BrighthubEngineering.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.

المراجع

  • Yamaguchi, Jack K (2003). The Mazda RX-8: World's First 4-door, 4-seat Sports Car Plus Complete Histories of Mazda Rotary Engine development and Rotary Racing Around the World. Mazda Motor. ISBN 4-947659-02-5.
  • Yamaguchi, Jack K (1985). The New Mazda RX-7 and Mazda Rotary Engine Sports Cars. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-69456-3.
  • Norbye, Jan P. (1973). "Watch out for Mazda!". Automobile Quarterly. XI.1: 50–61.
  • Biermann, Arnold E.; Ellerbrock Jr., Herman H. (1941). "Report No. 726 The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders" (PDF). NACA. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  • Yamamoto, Kenichi (1981). Rotary Engine. Toyo Kogyo.
  • Grazen, Alfred E. P., Patents CA 602098 and CA 651826 (plating for working surface in Suzuki RE-5) 
  • Societé Anonyme Automobiles Citroën (1969), Spanish patents 0374366 and 0375053 on improvements in procedures for covering a friction surface, http://www.oepm.es/  (Nikasil).
  • F Feller and M I Mech: "The 2-Stage Rotary Engine—A New Concept in Diesel Power" by Rolls-Royce, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings 1970–71, Vol. 185, pp. 139–158, D55-D66. London
  • Ansdale, R. F. (1968). The Wankel RC Engine, Design and Performance. Iliffe. ISBN 0-592-00625-5.
  • Frank Jardine (Alcoa): "Thermal expansion in automotive engine design", SAE Journal, Sept 1930, pp. 311–319, and also SAE paper 300010.
  • P V Lamarque, "The Design of Cooling Fins for Motor-Cycle Engines", The Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, London, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers Proceedings", XXXVII, Session 1942–1943, pp. 99–134 and 309–312.
  • W. M. Holaday and John Happel (Socony-Vacuum Oil Co): 'A Refiner's Viewpoint on Motor Fuel Quality', SAE paper 430113
  • Walter G Froede: 'The NSU-Wankel Rotating Combustion Engine', SAE Technical paper 610017
  • M. R. Hayes & D. P. Bottrill: 'N.S.U. Spider -Vehicle Analysis', Mira (Motor Industry Research Association, UK), 1965.
  • C Jones (Curtiss-Wright), "Rotary Combustion Engine is as Neat and Trim as the Aircraft Turbine", SAE Journal, May 1968, Vol 76, nº 5: 67–69. Also in SAE paper 670194.
  • Jan P Norbye: "Rivals to the Wankel", Popular Science, Jan 1967; 'The Wankel Engine. Design, development, applications'; Chilton, 1972. ISBN 0-8019-5591-2
  • T W Rogers et al. (Mobil),"Lubricating Rotary Engines", Automotive Engineering (SAE) May 1972, Vol 80, nº 5: 23–35.
  • K Yamamoto et al. (Mazda): "Combustion and Emission Properties of Rotary Engines", Automotive Engineering (SAE), July 1972: 26–29. Also in SAE paper 720357.
  • L W Manley (Mobil): "Low-Octane Fuel is OK for Rotary Engines", Automotive Engineering (SAE), Aug 1972, Vol 80, nº 8: 28–29.
  • W-D Bensinger (Daimler-Benz), "Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren", Springer-Verlag 1973; ISBN 978-3-642-52173-7
  • Reiner Nikulski: "The Norton rotor turns in my Hercules W-2000", "Sachs KC-27 engine with a catalyst converter", and other articles in: "Wankel News" (In German, from Hercules Wankel IG)
  • "A WorldWide Rotary Update", Automotive Engineering (SAE), Feb 1978, Vol 86, nº 2: 31–42.
  • B Lawton: 'The Turbocharged Diesel Wankel Engine', C68/78, of: 'Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publications. 1978–2, Turbocharging and Turbochargers, ISBN 0 85298 395 6, pp 151–160.
  • T Kohno et al. (Toyota): "Rotary Engine's Light-Load Combustion Improved", Automotive Engineering (SAE), Aug 1979: 33–38. Also in SAE paper 790435.
  • Kris Perkins: Norton Rotaries, 1991 Osprey Automotive, London. ISBN 1855321 81 5
  • Karl Ludvigsen: Wankel Engines A to Z, New York 1973. ISBN 0-913646-01-6
  • Len Louthan (AAI corp.): 'Development of a Lightweight Heavy Fuel Rotary Engine', SAE paper 930682
  • G Bickle et al. (ICT co), R Domesle et al. (Degussa AG), "Controlling Two-Stroke Engine Emissions", Automotive Engineering International (SAE), Feb 2000, pp 27–32.
  • BOSCH, "Automotive Handbook", 2005, Fluid's Mechanics, Table: 'Discharge from High-Pressure Deposits'.
  • Anish Gokhale et al.: "Optimization of Engine Cooling through conjugate heat transfer simulation and analysis of fins"; SAE paper 2012-32-0054.
  • Patents: US patent 3848574 , 1974 -Kawasaki; GB patent 1460229 , 1974 -Ford; US patent 3833321 , 1974; US patent 3981688 , 1976. -Ford; CA patent 1030743 , 1978; CA patent 1045553 , 1979, -Ford.
  • Dun-Zen Jeng et al.: 'The Numerical Investigation on the Performance of Rotary Engine with Leakage, Different Fuels and Recess Sizes', SAE paper 2013-32-9160, and same author: 'The intake and Exhaust Pipe Effect on Rotary Engine Performance', SAE paper 2013-32-9161
  • Wei Wu et al.: 'A Heat Pipe Assisted Air-Cooled Rotary Wankel Engine for Improved Durability, Power and Efficiency', SAE paper 2014-01-2160
  • Mikael Bergman et al. (Husqvarna): 'Advanced Low Friction Engine Coating applied to a 70 cc High Performance Chainsaw', SAE paper 2014-32-0115
  • Alberto Boretti: 'CAD/CFD/CAE Modelling of Wankel Engines for UAV', SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2466


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وصلات خارجية

 
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