هيئة وادي تنسي

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter on May 18, 1933, to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. Senator George W. Norris (R-Nebraska) was a strong sponsor of this project. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and rural electrification to help modernize the rural region's economy and society.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Logo of the TVA Flag of the TVA
TVA service area
النوع	State-owned enterprise
الصناعة	Electric utility
تأسست	18 سبتمبر 1933 (1933-69-18)
المقر الرئيسي	Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
الأشخاص الرئيسيون	John Ryder, Chair Jeff Lyash, CEO
الدخل	$11.2 billion USD (FY 2018 ending September 30, 2018)
الدخل الصافي	$1.12 billion USD (FY 2018)
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.tva.com

TVA Towers, TVA's headquarters in downtown Knoxville, overlooking the Tennessee River

TVA's service area covers most of Tennessee, portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, and small slices of Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. It was the first large regional planning agency of the federal government and remains the largest. Under the leadership of David E. Lilienthal ("Mr. TVA"), the TVA became a model for the United States' later efforts to help modernize agrarian societies in the developing world. In later decades, hydropower's share fell to 10% of TVA's power production (2018).

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 التشغيل

TVA electricity sign at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York

Wilson Dam, completed in 1924, was the first dam under the authority of TVA, created in 1933.

The Tennessee Valley Authority was initially founded as an agency to provide general economic development to the region through power generation, flood control, navigation assistance, fertilizer manufacturing, and agricultural development. Since the Depression years, it has developed primarily into a power utility. Despite its shares being owned by the federal government, TVA operates like a private corporation, and receives no taxpayer funding. The TVA Act authorizes the company to use eminent domain.

 التاريخ

 التاريخ المبكر

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the TVA Act

TVA's first board (L to R): Harcourt Morgan, Arthur E. Morgan, and David E. Lilienthal

 المواقع الكبرى

To qualify for a TVA Megasite certificate the qualifications are at least 1,000 acres, with interstate access, the potential for rail service, environmental impact study, and utility service capable of serving a major manufacturing facility. Seven TVA Megasites have been developed so far with capital investments of over $5 billion.

الأماكن:

• Huntsville
• Chattanooga
• Golden Triangle (Mississippi) (2 sites)
• Hopkinsville, Kentucky
• Memphis Regional Megasite
• West Kentucky Megasite

 انتقادات

 Allegations of federal government overreach

TVA was heralded by New Dealers and the New Deal Coalition not only as a successful economic development program for a depressed area but also as a democratic nation-building effort overseas because of its alleged grassroots inclusiveness as articulated by director David E. Lilienthal. However, the TVA was controversial early on, as some believed its creation was an overreach by the federal government.

Ronald Reagan, fired by General Electric after criticizing TVA.

 انظر أيضاً

• Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• Appalachian Regional Commission
• Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority, modelled on the TVA
• James Bay Energy Corporation, a Crown corporation of the Quebec government for developing the James Bay Project for building various dams on rivers
• List of navigation authorities in the United States
• Muscle Shoals Bill
• Nashville Electric Service
• New Deal
• New Madrid Seismic Zone
• 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
• Norris, Tennessee
• Tennessee Valley Authority Police
• Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill

 Bibliography

• Colignon, Richard A. (1997). Power Plays: Critical Events in the Institutionalism of the Tennessee Valley Authority. SUNY series in the sociology of work. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-585-07708-6. OCLC 42855981.
• Creese, Walter L. (1990). TVA's public planning: The vision, the reality. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-638-7. OCLC 476873440.
• Culvahouse, Tim, ed. (2007). The Tennessee Valley Authority: Design and persuasion. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. OCLC 929309559.
• Hargrove, Erwin C.; Conkin, Paul K., eds. (1983). TVA: Fifty years of grass-roots bureaucracy. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01086-6. OCLC 474377514.
• Hargrove, Erwin C. (1994). Prisoners of myth: the leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933–1990. Princeton Studies in American Politics: Historical, International, and Comparative Perspectives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03467-6. JSTOR j.ctt7rvbh.
• Kull, Donald C. (Winter 1949). "Decentralized Budget Administration in the Tennessee Valley Authority". Public Administration Review. 9 (1): 30–35. doi:10.2307/972660. ISSN 0033-3352. JSTOR 972660. OCLC 5544417850.
• Lilienthal, David E. (1953). TVA: Democracy on the march. New York: Harper & Row.
• McDonald, Michael J.; Muldowny, John (1982). TVA and the dispossessed: the resettlement of population in the Norris Dam area. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-164-8. OCLC 772665997.
• Morgan, Arthur E. (1974). The making of the TVA. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-034-3. OCLC 607606121.
• Neuse, Steven M. (1996). David E. Lilienthal: The Journey of an American Liberal. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-940-8.
• Neuse, Steven M. (2004). McElvaine, Robert S. (ed.). "Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)". Encyclopedia of Great Depression. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA.
• Neuse, Steven M. (نوفمبر–ديسمبر 1983). "TVA at Age Fifty—Reflections and Retrospect". Public Administration Review. 43 (6): 491–499. doi:10.2307/975916. ISSN 0033-3352. JSTOR 975916. OCLC 5550047671.
• Neuse, Steven M. (1996). David E. Lilienthal: the journey of an American liberal. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-940-1. OCLC 243857932.
• Russell, Dean (1949). The TVA idea. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education. OCLC 564022.
• Selznick, Philip (1949). TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization. University of California Publications in Culture and Society. Vol. 3. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-1-61027-843-0. OCLC 1026647961.
• Shapiro, Edward (Winter 1970). "The Southern Agrarians and the Tennessee Valley Authority". American Quarterly. 22 (4): 791–806. doi:10.2307/2711870. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2711870. OCLC 5545493875.
• Talbert, Roy, Jr. (1987). FDR's Utopian: Arthur Morgan of the TVA. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-301-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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 External links

• Official website
• Tennessee Valley Authority in the Federal Register
• Tennessee Valley Authority: Procedure for Making, Indexing and Filing Computations on Wikisource
• WPA Photographs of TVA Archaeological Projects
• The New Deal and TVA at YouTube
• Papers of Arnold R. Jones (Member of the Board of Directors, Tennessee Valley Authority), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• THVA history
• الفيلم القصير Valley of the Tennessee (1944) متاح للتنزيل المجاني على أرشيف الإنترنت [more]