المعرفة

حرشفيات

(تم التحويل من Squamata)
هذا المقال هو عن the Squamata order of reptiles. إذا كنت تريد the Roman scale armour، انظر Lorica squamata.

الحرشفيات إنگليزية: Squamata تشمل رتبة الحرشفيات أكثر الزواحف انتشاراً حيث تشكل أنواعها 59% من الزواحف حيث تعيش في جميع أنحاء العالم ما عدا المناطق الباردة وتتكاثر معظم أنواعها بالبيوض والقليل منها يحتفظ بالبيض داخل الجسم حتى يفقس، ويغطي جلدها حراشف تتجدد بشكل دوري.

الزواحف الحرشفية
Scaled reptiles
Temporal range: الجوراسي-الحاضر
Blue-toungued skink444.jpg
سحلية زرقاء اللسان شرقية
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:
الحيوان
Phylum:
الحبليات
Class:
الزواحف
Order:
الحرشفيات Squamata

تحت الرتب

طالع النص

World.distribution.sauria.1.png
اللون الأسود: نطاق الحرشفيات

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التطور

التكاثر

 
Trachylepis maculilabris, skinks mating

تطور الذيفان venom

انظر أيضاً: Venom

البشر والحرشفيات

العض والوفاة

انظر أيضاً: عضة الثعبان
 
خريطة تبين التوزيع العالمي لقتلى عضة الثعبان.


جهود الحفاظ

التصنيف العلمي

تقليدياً، كانت الرتبة تنقسم إلى ثلاث تحت-رتب:

Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group (since "lizards" excludes the sub-clade of snakes). In newer classifications the name Sauria is used for reptiles and birds in general, and the Squamata are divided differently:

The relationships between these suborders is not yet certain, though recent research[1] suggests that several families may form a hypothetical venom clade which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of Squamate species. Named Toxicofera, it combines the following groups from traditional classification[1]:

  • Suborder Serpentes (الثعابين)
  • Suborder Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.)
  • Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
    • Family Varanidae (monitor lizards, including the Komodo dragon)
    • Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
    • Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)

قائمة الفصائل

Amphisbaenia
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Amphisbaenidae
Gray, 1865		 Tropical worm lizards Darwin's worm lizard (Amphisbaena darwinii) -
Bipedidae
Taylor, 1951		 Bipes worm lizards Mexican mole lizard (Bipes biporus) -
Rhineuridae
Vanzolini, 1951		 North American worm lizards North American worm lizard (Rhineura floridana)  
Trogonophidae
Gray, 1865		 Palearctic worm lizards Checkerboard worm lizard (Trogonophis wiegmanni) -
Anguoidea or Diploglossa
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Anguidae
Oppel, 1811		 Glass lizards Slow worm (Anguis fragilis)  
Anniellidae
Gray, 1852		 American legless lizards California legless lizard (Anniella pulchra)  
Xenosauridae
Cope, 1866		 Knob-scaled lizards Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus)  
Gekkota
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Dibamidae
Boulenger, 1884		 Blind lizards Dibamus nicobaricum -
Gekkonidae
Gray, 1825		 Geckos Thick-tailed gecko (Underwoodisaurus milii)  
Pygopodidae
Boulenger, 1884		 Legless lizards Burton's snake lizard (Lialis burtonis) -
Iguania
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Agamidae
Spix, 1825		 Agamas Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata)  
Chamaeleonidae
Gray, 1825		 Chameleons Veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus)  
Corytophanidae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Casquehead lizards Plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons)  
Crotaphytidae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Collared and leopard lizards Common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris)
خطأ في إنشاء صورة مصغرة: الملف مفقود
Hoplocercidae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Wood lizards or clubtails Club-tail iguana (Hoplocercus spinosus) -
Iguanidae Iguanas Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)  
Leiosauridae
Frost et al., 2001		 - Darwin's iguana (Diplolaemus darwinii) -
Opluridae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Madagascan iguanas Chalarodon (Chalarodon madagascariensis) -
Phrynosomatidae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards Greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus)  
Polychrotidae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Anoles Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis)  
Tropiduridae
Frost & Etheridge, 1989		 Neotropical ground lizards (Microlophus peruvianus)  
Platynota or Varanoidea
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Helodermatidae Gila monsters Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum)  
Lanthanotidae Earless monitor Earless monitor (Lanthanotus borneensis) -
Varanidae Monitor lizards Perentie (Varanus giganteus)  
Scincomorpha
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Cordylidae Spinytail lizards Girdle-tailed lizard (Cordylus warreni)  
Gerrhosauridae Plated lizards Sudan plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus major)  
Gymnophthalmidae Spectacled lizards - -
Lacertidae
Oppel, 1811		 Wall or true lizards Ocellated lizard (Lacerta lepida)  
Scincidae
Oppel, 1811		 Skinks Western blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua occipitalis)  
Teiidae Tegus or whiptails Blue tegu (Tupinambis teguixin)  
Xantusiidae Night lizards Granite night lizard (Xantusia henshawi)  
Alethinophidia
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Acrochordidae
Bonaparte, 1831[2]		 File snakes Marine file snake (Acrochordus granulatus)  
Aniliidae
Stejneger, 1907[3]		 Coral pipe snakes Burrowing false coral (Anilius scytale)
Anomochilidae
Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993.[4]		 Dwarf pipe snakes Leonard's pipe snake, (Anomochilus leonardi)
Atractaspididae
Günther, 1858[5] 		Mole vipers Bibron's burrowing asp (Atractaspis bibroni)
Boidae
Gray, 1825[2]		 Boas Amazon tree boa (Corallus hortulanus)  
Bolyeriidae
Hoffstetter, 1946		 Round Island boas Round Island burrowing boa (Bolyeria multocarinata)
Colubridae
Oppel, 1811[2]		 Colubrids Grass snake (Natrix natrix)  
Cylindrophiidae
Fitzinger, 1843		 Asian pipe snakes Red-tailed pipe snake (Cylindrophis ruffus)  
Elapidae
Boie, 1827[2]		 Cobras, coral snakes, mambas, kraits, sea snakes, sea kraits, Australian elapids King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)  
Loxocemidae
Cope, 1861		 Mexican burrowing snakes Mexican burrowing snake (Loxocemus bicolor)  
Pythonidae
Fitzinger, 1826		 Pythons Ball python (Python regius)  
Tropidophiidae
Brongersma, 1951		 Dwarf boas Northern eyelash boa (Trachyboa boulengeri)
Uropeltidae
Müller, 1832		 Shield-tailed snakes, short-tailed snakes Cuvier's shieldtail (Uropeltis ceylanica)  
Viperidae
Oppel, 1811[2]		 Vipers, pitvipers, rattlesnakes European asp (Vipera aspis)  
Xenopeltidae
Bonaparte, 1845		 Sunbeam snakes Sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor)  
Scolecophidia
Family Common Names Example Species Example Photo
Anomalepidae
Taylor, 1939[2]		 Dawn blind snakes Dawn blind snake (Liotyphlops beui)
Leptotyphlopidae
Stejneger, 1892[2]		 Slender blind snakes Texas blind snake (Leptotyphlops dulcis)  
Typhlopidae
Merrem, 1820[6]		 Blind snakes Black blind snake (Typhlops reticulatus)


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Fry, B.; et al. (2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Cogger(1991), p.23
  3. ^ Aniliidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  4. ^ Anomochilidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  5. ^ Atractaspididae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  6. ^ Typhlopidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.


الهامش

  • Bebler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 581. ISBN 0394508246.
  • Capula, Massimo (1989). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World. نيويورك: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671690981. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Cogger, Harold; Zweifel, Richard (1992). Reptiles & Amphibians. Sydney, Australia: Weldon Owen. ISBN 0831727861.
  • Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Boston, مساتشوستس: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0395583896.
  • Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. نيويورك: Macmillian. p. 321.
  • Evans SE. 2003. At the feet of the dinosaurs: the origin, evolution and early diversification of squamate reptiles (Lepidosauria: Diapsida). Biological Reviews, Cambridge 78: 513–551. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793103006134
  • Evans SE. 2008. The skull of lizards and tuatara. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol.20, Morphology H: the skull of Lepidosauria, Gans C, Gaunt A S, Adler K. (eds). Ithica, New York, Society for the study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp1–344. Weblink to purchase
  • Evans SE, Jones MEH. 2010. The origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles. In Bandyopadhyay S. (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, 27 Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, 27-44. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_2
  • Freiberg, Dr. Marcos; Walls, Jerry (1984). The World of Venomous Animals. نيوجرزي: TFH Publications. ISBN 0876665679.
  • Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Gibbons, Whit (1983). Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0817301354.
  • McDiarmid, RW; Campbell, JA; Touré, T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. p. 511. ISBN 1893777006.
  • Mehrtens, John (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. نيويورك: Sterling. ISBN 0806964618.
  • Rosenfeld, Arthur (1989). Exotic Pets. نيويورك: Simon & Schuster. p. 293. ISBN 067147654. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)

وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=حرشفيات&oldid=1648456"