سانتا كاتارينا

Coordinates: 27°50′S 48°25′W / 27.833°S 48.417°W / -27.833; -48.417
(تم التحويل من Santa Catarina (state))
"Santa Catarina (Brazil)" redirects here. For the island in the state, see Santa Catarina Island. For For the hospital in São Paulo, see Santa Catarina Hospital.
سانتا كاتارينا
Santa Catarina
ولاية
علم سانتا كاتارينا
Flag
درع سانتا كاتارينا
Coat of arms
موقع ولاية سانتا كاتارينا في البرازيل
موقع ولاية سانتا كاتارينا في البرازيل
الإحداثيات: 27°50′S 48°25′W / 27.833°S 48.417°W / -27.833; -48.417
بلد البرازيل
العاصمةفلوريانوپولس
أكبر مدينةجوانڤيل
الحكومة
 • الحاكمريموندو كولمبو
 • Vice GovernorEduardo Pinho Moreira
المساحة
 • الإجمالي95٬346٫181 كم² (36٬813٫366 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة20
التعداد
 (2012)[1]
 • الإجمالي6٬383٬286
 • الترتيب11
 • الكثافة67/km2 (170/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة9
صفة المواطنCatarinense or Barriga-Verde (Green Belly)
الناتج المحلي الإجمالي
 • سنة2006 تقدير
 • المجموعR$ 93,173,000,000 (7)
 • Per capitaR$ 20,369 (4)
مؤشر التنمية البشرية
 • سنة2005
 • التصنيف0.840 - high (2)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-3 (BRT)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-2 (BRST)
الرمز البريدي
87000-000 to 89990-000
ISO 3166 codeBR-SC
الموقع الإلكترونيsc.gov.br

ولاية سانتا كاتارينا Santa Catarina (البرتغالية البرازيلية: [ˈsɐ̃ta kataˈɾina] ( استمع) "Saint Catherine")[2] تقع في نصف الجهة الجنوبية من البرازيل وتحدها ولاية پارانا من الشمال، وولاية ريو گراند دو سول من الجنوب والمحيط الاطلسي من الشرق والأرجنتين من الغرب ، عاصمتها فلوريانوپولس.

Santa Catarina is bordered by Paraná to the north, Rio Grande do Sul to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and to the west by the Argentine province of Misiones. The coastal path is over 450 km, i.e., about half of Portugal's mainland coast. The host city of the state executive, legislative and judiciary powers is the capital Florianópolis. Joinville, however, is the most populous city in the state. Besides Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina is the only state whose capital is not the most populous city.[3] South of the Tropic of Capricorn, situated in the planet's southern temperate zone, the state has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) in the east and west and an oceanic climate (Cfb) in the center.[4] Climatic conditions vary according to the relief of the region: in the west and mountainous plateau, it is relatively frequent that frosts and snow occur, while on the coast the climate is warmer, capable of reaching high temperatures in summer.[4]

The territory of Santa Catarina is one of the oldest states in Brazil, separated from São Paulo in 1738, its first governor being José da Silva Pais. The state was created for one reason only: to extend the Portuguese domains to southern Brazil until reaching the Rio de la Plata region. It is also the oldest state of the South Region of Brazil, older than Rio Grande do Sul (1807) and Paraná (1853). The state of Santa Catarina was settled by European immigrants: the coast was colonized by the Azorean Portuguese in the 18th century; the Itajaí Valley – a portion of the southern region and northern Santa Catarina – was settled by the Germans in the mid 19th century.[5][6] The south of the state was populated by the Italians in the last years of the 19th century. Children and grandchildren of Italian and German immigrants who moved from Rio Grande do Sul settled the west of Santa Catarina in the mid 20th century.[7]

The state's social indexes are among the best in Brazil. It has the highest rate of life expectancy in the country (just like the Federal District),[8] the lowest infant mortality rate and is also the state with the lowest economic inequality and illiteracy in Brazil.[9][10] Santa Catarina has the 6th highest GDP in the country,[11] with a diverse economy and strong affinities to industrialization.

أصل الاسم

انظر أيضاً: كاترين السكندرية

Francisco Dias Velho, who arrived on the island now known as Santa Catarina around 1675, is said to have given the place its name. There, he built a chapel dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria, whom, it is claimed, one of his daughters was named after.[12][13] Other authors attribute the origin of the name to Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian explorer and cartographer, who is said to have dedicated the island. At that time, Sebastian Cabot passed through the area between 1526 and 1527. He is thought to have consecrated it to Saint Catherine, or rather, honoured his wife, Catarina Medrano.[13] The name of the state is derived from that of the island.[12]

The state's native inhabitants are called Catarinenses or Barrigas-Verdes (lit. Green-Belly).[14][15][16] The origin of the term comes from the waistcoat worn by the soldiers of the Portuguese military forces, under Joaquim Francisco do Livramento. These troops, in 1753, departed from Santa Catarina to fight in Rio Grande do Sul and secured for Brazil the conquest of the Captaincy of Santa Catarina.[15][16]

Originating from Catholicism, the name honours the state's patron saint.[12][13] The Romans worshipped an ancient deity, Sancus, who ensured promises and oaths were not violated, mandating their fulfilment. From his name comes the Latin verb sancire, "to consecrate". Sanctus, "holy, consecrated, which must, above all, be treated with respect", is the past participle of the verb itself. Etymologically, the name Catherine derives from the Greek term εκατερινα, meaning "pure" or "immaculate".[17][18]

التاريخ

عصور الشعوب الأصلية والاستعمار والإمبراطورية

ملف:Sfs chegada.jpg
Arrival of the French, led by Gonneville, to the land that would later become São Francisco do Sul
Colonial settlement on the Island of Santa Catarina
Anita Garibaldi Museum, in Laguna, where the independence of the Juliana Republic was proclaimed

اكتشفت الولاية بنفس الفترة التي اكتشفت فيها البرازيل و مر بها العديد من البحارين من جنسيات مختلفة و إستولى الفرنسي (Binot Paulmier de Gonneville) عليها لمدة ستة أشهر. وفي 1504 و صل المكتشفين البرتغاليين إلى أول جزيرة لقبت بجزيرة باتوس ( جزيرة سانتا كاتارينا الحالية) واستولى عليها البرتغاليون في 1514 ليأتي من بعدهم الأسبان و من ثم البرتغاليين مرة ثانية.

At the outset of the 16th century, the area now known as the state of Santa Catarina was populated by the Carijós, a tribe belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group. These Indigenous peoples were catechised (educated and pacified in the Catholic faith) starting from 1549.[19]

Expeditions from Portugal and Spain commenced exploration of the Santa Catarina coast in the early years following Brazil's discovery by Europeans.[20] Sebastian Cabot, en route to the Rio de la Plata, navigated past the island then known as Dos Patos, bestowing upon it the name Santa Catarina in 1526. In 1534, John III of Portugal awarded the mainland territories to Pedro Lopes de Sousa. Nevertheless, these lands remained largely uninhabited, with Jesuits, Spanish, and Portuguese settlers exploring them but failing to establish any permanent settlements throughout the 16th century.[20]

From the outset of Brazil's colonisation, the lands of Brazil's southern region did not greatly interest the Portuguese colonisers. This was due to the absence of precious metals and its colder climate (as frosts hindered the cultivation of sugarcane). The Portuguese only began to take an interest in the region in the mid-17th century. The settlement of Nossa Senhora da Graça do Rio de São Francisco was established by Manuel Lourenço de Andrade and his friends in 1658. The present-day city was the first permanent settlement in the region.[20]

The settlement of Nossa Senhora do Desterro, on the island of Santa Catarina, was established by the Paulista bandeirante Francisco Dias Velho in 1675. At that time, the notable settler was accompanied by his heirs, slaves, and servants. In 1676, the settlement of Laguna was initiated by Domingos de Brito Peixoto. The Captaincy of Santa Catarina, initially linked to São Paulo, was founded in 1738. It was separated from São Paulo and incorporated into Rio de Janeiro's in 1739.[20]

From the 1740s onwards, initiated by Alexandre de Gusmão, minister of King John V, Portugal began a colonisation and settlement project in southern Brazil, aiming to secure possession of the territory disputed by the Spanish. With this objective, immigration from Madeira Island and the Azores was sought. An insular defensive system was implemented. From 1748 to 1756, around five thousand Azorean immigrants began to populate the island and the coastline of the captaincy. Disputes between Portugal and Spain led to the occupation and destruction of the island of Santa Catarina by Spanish troops in 1777. The First Treaty of San Ildefonso forced the Spanish to surrender the invaded region.[20]

The Captaincy of Our Lady of the Rosary of Paranaguá was founded by the Marquis of Cascais in 1656.[21] It replaced the Captaincy of Santana,[22][23] which began at the mouth of the Paranaguá Bay and ended in the current city of Laguna.[22][24][25][26] It is bounded by the Captaincy of Santo Amaro (part of the second section of São Vicente) to the north,[22] the salty waters of the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Governorate of New Andalusia to the west.[27][28] These extinct states were delimited by the Treaty of Tordesillas.[27][29]

The captaincy was elevated to the status of a province with the declaration of independence of Brazil. The province of Santa Catarina suffered profound consequences from the Ragamuffin War, which took place in Rio Grande do Sul in 1835. The revolutionaries, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and David Canabarro, invaded Laguna and declared the Juliana Republic in July 1839. Defeated by the troops of the Empire of Brazil, the rebels left Laguna.[20] The new South American country had a short duration because, when its independence was proclaimed, it stopped paying the Riograndense Republic due to lack of resources.[30] The last Ragamuffin trenches were demolished in 1840. European colonisation, especially from Germany and Italy, was boosted in the second half of the 19th century. The colonies of Dona Francisca, later Joinville, were established in 1850; Blumenau in 1852; and Brusque in 1860.[20]

العصر الجمهوري

ملف:Mapa do estado de Santa Catarina.tif
Map of the State of Santa Catarina, 1907. National Brazilian National Archives
ملف:Contestado tropa Exército.jpg
Contestado War: Army troops guarding a sawmill during a rebel attack in Três Barras.

The province adhered to the proclamation of the Republic. However, the appointed governor rebelled against the federal government of the time, supporting the Federalist Revolution in 1893. Desterro became the naval base of the revolutionary squadron led by Custódio José de Melo.[20]

The armed conflicts spread throughout the coast of Santa Catarina. Defeated in 1894, the revolutionaries were severely punished by the loyalist troops. Hercílio Luz was elected governor in 1894 and developed a policy for the pacification of the region and the repair of the infrastructural problems that the state had suffered. Desterro was renamed Florianópolis, in honour of Floriano Peixoto, following a turn of events that cost the lives of the defenders of the revolution.[20]

The Contestado War began in 1912. This conflict pitted the needy inhabitants of the region located between the Negro, Iguazu, Canoas, and Uruguay rivers against the official forces.[31][32][33][20] José Maria de Santo Agostinho, a healer considered sacred, led the backlanders. Moreover, Paraná and Santa Catarina were disputing the region where they lived, which is why the area was called Contestado.[20] The disagreement between the two federative units and the armed conflict of the caboclos only ended completely in 1916. Santa Catarina's territory was invaded by the rebellious forces, which came from Rio Grande do Sul, in 1930. However, Florianópolis resisted until the triumph of the revolution throughout the country.[20]

During the Second World War, it was necessary to address the issue of Nazi infiltration in the state. In this area, the Brazilian military effort was not compromised by groups of Germans, following a futile attempt. Up until 1945, intervenors governed the state throughout President Getúlio Vargas's administration. Since the 1950s, encouragement for the colonisation of the far west and the centre of the state by Italian-Brazilian settlers has contributed to the progress of Santa Catarina. These settlers came from Rio Grande do Sul.[20]

الجغرافيا

Topographic map of Santa Catarina

سانتا كاتارينا هو في موقع استراتيجي جدا في مركوسول، والسوق المشتركة لأمريكا الجنوبية. يقع موقعها في الخريطة بين موازية 25 º 57'41 "و 29 º 23'55" من خط العرض الجنوبي وبين خطوط الطول 48 º 19'37 "و 53 º 50'00" من خط الطول الغربي. عاصمتها فلوريانوپولس، 1,673 كم منبرازيليا، 705 كم من ساو پاولو، 1,144 كم من ريو دي جانيرو و 1,850 كم من بوينس آيرس.

منظر ساو جواكيم، المنتزه الوطني في سانتا كاتارينا

المياه

The rivers that flow through the state's territory are part of both autonomous systems delineated by the Serra Geral and Serra do Mar mountain ranges. The South Atlantic basin is made up of inter-delimited basins, such as those of the Itajaí-Açu, Tubarão, Araranguá, Tijucas, and Itapocu rivers.[34] In the interior of the state, two basins come together to form the Plata basin: that of the Paraná, whose most important tributary is the Iguazu River, and that of the Uruguay River. The latter has as its main tributaries the Pelotas, Canoas, Chapecó, and Do Peixe rivers.[34]

النبيت والوحيش

Araucaria forest

Fully embedded within the Atlantic Forest biome, the original vegetation of Santa Catarina encompasses two formations: forests and grasslands.[34]

On the plateau, they occur in the form of mixed coniferous (Araucaria) forests with broadleaved trees and, in the lowland and foothills of the Serra do Mar, solely as broadleaved forest. The grasslands appear as scattered patches within the mixed forest. The main ones are those of São Joaquim, Lages, Curitibanos, and Campos Novos.[34]

In the fauna of Santa Catarina, about 600 species of birds,[35] 150 mammals,[36] and 140 systematic denominations of amphibians are catalogued.[37] There are 1,150 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), in addition to the registration of about 2,300 vascular plants.[38][39]

العلم

The flag of Santa Catarina is a rectangle divided into three horizontal bands: the upper and lower, sips, and the central, argent. In the middle you can see a sinople rhombus with the coat of arms in the center. On August 15, 1895, Santa Catarina received a flag, designed by José Artur Boiteux. It had thirteen horizontal stripes of sips and argent in a quantity similar to that of districts in the state. Inside the sinople rhombus, jalde stars symbolized the municipalities.[40]

السكان

 
أكبر المدن أو البلدات في سانتا كاتارينا
الترتيب المنطقة المتوسطة التعداد الترتيب المنطقة المتوسطة التعداد
جوينڤيل
جوينڤيل
فلوريانوپولس
فلوريانوپولس 		1 جوينڤيل نورتي كاتاريننسي 583,144 11 بالنياريو كامبوريو ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 138,732 بلومناو
بلومناو
ساو جوزيه
ساو جوزيه
2 فلوريانوپولس گراندي فلوريانوپولس 492,977 12 بروسكي ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 131,703
3 بلومناو ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 352,460 13 توباراو سول كاتاريننسي 104,937
4 ساو جوزيه گراندي فلوريانوپولس 242,927 14 ساو بنتو دو سول نورتي كاتاريننسي 83,576
5 تشاپكو أوستي كاتاريننسي 216,654 15 كامبوريو ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 80,834
6 إيتاجاي ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 215,895 16 كاسادور أوستي كاتاريننسي 77,863
7 كريسيوما سول كاتاريننسي 213,023 17 ناڤگانتس ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 79,285
8 پالهوسا گراندي فلوريانوپولس 168,259 18 كونكورديا أوستي كاتاريننسي 74,106
9 جاراكوا دو سول نورتي كاتاريننسي 174,158 19 ريو دو سول ڤالي دو إيتاجاي 70,100
10 لاگس سرانا 157,743 20 أرارانگوا سول كاتاريننسي 67,578

وفقا لمعهد البرازيل للجغرافيا والإحصاء لسنة 2008, كان عدد المقيمين في الولاية 6,091,000. وكانت الكثافة السكانية 61.53 inhabitants per square kilometre (159.4/sq mi).

التحضر: 82.5% (2006); النمو السكاني: 1.9% (1991–2000); المنازل: 1,836,000 (2006).[42]

الاستيطان الاوروپي

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±% p.a.
1872159٬802—    
1890283٬769+3.24%
1900320٬289+1.22%
1920668٬743+3.75%
19401٬178٬340+2.87%
19501٬560٬502+2.85%
19602٬146٬909+3.24%
19702٬930٬411+3.16%
19803٬687٬652+2.33%
19914٬538٬248+1.90%
20005٬349٬580+1.84%
20106٬248٬436+1.57%
20177٬001٬161+1.64%
المصدر:[43]

One of the Brazilian states that exhibits the most evident signs of 19th-century European immigration, Santa Catarina, where the vast majority of the population descends from European settlers, is also the state with the highest percentage of European phenotype citizens.

The state is also famous for having towns where most of the population belongs to a single main ancestry thanks to the settlement program with European colonists. Here are a few examples of such towns in the Southern region:

بعض بلدات جنوب البرازيل ذات تركز قومي معين
اسم البلدة الولاية العرق الرئيسي النسبة
Nova Veneza سانتا كاتارينا إيطالي 95%[44]
Pomerode سانتا كاتارينا ألماني 90%[45]
Treze Tílias سانتا كاتارينا نمساوي 60%[46]

الپرتغاليون

Azorean Portuguese house in Florianópolis.

بدأ توافد الپرتغاليون في عقد 1750، من جزر الآزور، واستعمرو الساحل. في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر كان نصف سكان ولاية سانتا كاتارينا مواليد البرتغال. أسس البرتغاليون مدن كثيرة في الولاية أهمها عاصمة الولاية مدينة فلوريانوپولس

الألمان

Joinville, the largest city of Santa Catarina, settled by Germans in 1851.
Stone house in Nova Veneza, in the south, landmark of Italian immigration.

تم عزل الألمان في المجتمعات الريفية على مدى عقود. لم يكونوا على اتصال بالشعوب الأخرى في البرازيل، وكانوا يحافظون على لغتهم وتقاليدهم في البرازيل، الإ أن هذا الوضع تغير في عام 1942، خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، عندما أعلنت البرازيل الحرب على ألمانيا، وكان مطلوب من المهاجرين الألمان وأبنائهم تعلم اللغة الپرتغالية واتباع الطريقة البرازيلية في الحياة.

الإيطاليون

الاقتصاد

Florianópolis, the capital.
Downtown Itajaí.

القطاع الصناعي هو أكبر عنصر في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي حيث يمثل 52.5٪، يليه قطاع الخدمات 33.9٪. الزراعة تمثل 13.6٪ من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لسنة (2004). صادرات سانتا كاتارينا: تربية الطيور 26.1٪، المنتجات الخشبية 15.4٪، ضواغط 8.5٪، القطن 6.8٪، والسيارات 5.8٪ (2002).

المشاركة في الاقتصاد البرازيلي: 4% (2005).

سانتا كاتارينا لديها واحد من أعلى مستويات المعيشة في البرازيل، وهي مركز صناعي وزراعي رئيسي.

إحصائيات

المركبات: 2,489,343 (مارس/2007); الهواتف النقالة: 3.7 مليون (أبريل/2007); الهواتف: 1.6 مليون (أبريل/2007). المدن: 293 (2007).[47]

التعليم

Federal University of Santa Catarina in Florianópolis.

الكليات والجامعات

  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) (جامعة سانتا كاتارينا الاتحادية);
  • Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) (جامعة سانتا كاتارينا الحكومية);
  • Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL) (جامعة سانتا كاتارينا الجنوبية);
  • Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) (University of the Itajaí Valley);
  • Universidade da Regiao de Joinville (UNIVILLE) (جامعة إقليم جوانيڤل);
  • Universidade Católica de Santa Catarina (جامعة سانتا كاتارينا الكاثوليكية)
  • Universidade do Contestado (UnC) (جامعة كونتستاندو);
  • Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (Unoesc) (جامعة سانتا كاتارينا الغربية);
  • Universidade do Planalto de Santa Catarina (Uniplac) (University of the Plateau of Santa Catarina);
  • Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc) (University of Southernmost Santa Catarina);
  • Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB) (Regional University Foundation of Blumenau);
  • Sociedade Educacional de Santa Catarina (SOCIESC) (Educational Society for Santa Catarina)
  • وغيرهم الكثير.

البنية التحتية

Hercílio Luz International Airport in Florianópolis.

المطار الدولي

السياحة

Balneário Camboriú.
Itajaí in the afternoon.

الرياضة

كرة القدم

تنس

التزحلق

فلوريانوپولس.

لغات الأقليات

German architecture in Joinville.
Contestado Museum.

انظر أيضا

الهوامش

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ The European Portuguese pronunciation is [ˈsɐ̃tɐ kɐtɐˈɾinɐ].
  3. ^ "IBGE | Cities | Santa Catarina | Joinville". cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  4. ^ أ ب Alvares, Clayton Alcarde; Stape, José Luiz; Sentelhas, Paulo Cesar; de Moraes Gonçalves, José Leonardo; Sparovek, Gerd (December 2013). "Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil". www.ingentaconnect.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  5. ^ CABRAL, Oswaldo R. História de Santa Catarina. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Laudes, 1970.
  6. ^ MATOS, Jacinto Antônio de. Colonização do Estado de Santa Catarina, Tip. de "O Dia": Florianópolis, 1917. 241 p.
  7. ^ EL-KHATIB, Faissal. História de Santa Catarina. Curitiba, PR: Grafipar, 1970. 4 v.
  8. ^ "Federation Units – Life expectancy at birth – Brazil – Total – 2017" (PDF). IBGE. p. 11. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Complete mortality table for Brazil – 2015" (PDF). IBGE. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  10. ^ "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua – PNAD Contínua | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  11. ^ Pontes, Helena Maria Mattos. "Contas Regionais 2015: queda no PIB atinge todas as unidades da federação pela primeira vez na série". IBGE – Agência de Notícias (in البرتغالية البرازيلية). Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Houaiss et al. 1993, p. 10187.
  13. ^ أ ب ت Girardi, Giovana. "Índios, santos e geografia". Revista Galileu. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  14. ^ "Adjetivos pátrios: Veja gentílicos dos Estados do Brasil". educacao.uol.com.br (in البرتغالية البرازيلية). Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  15. ^ أ ب "Por que os catarinenses são chamados de "barriga-verde"? – Estados e Capitais do Brasil". 2017-07-23. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  16. ^ أ ب Arruda 1988, p. 7129.
  17. ^ "santo | Palavras | Origem Da Palavra". origemdapalavra.com.br. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  18. ^ "catarina | Palavras | Origem Da Palavra". origemdapalavra.com.br. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  19. ^ Arruda 1988, p. 7135.
  20. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Mascarenhas et al. 1998, pp. 5224–5225.
  21. ^ Wachowicz 1995, p. 42.
  22. ^ أ ب ت Wons 1994, p. 107.
  23. ^ Wachowicz 1995, p. 111.
  24. ^ Wachowicz 1995, p. 39.
  25. ^ Bueno 1999, p. 86.
  26. ^ Cintra 2013, p. 27.
  27. ^ أ ب "Sistema de Capitanias Hereditárias do Brasil". Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  28. ^ Mingo, Milagros del Vas (1986). Las capitulaciones de Indias en el siglo XVI (in الإسبانية). Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN 978-84-7232-397-1.
  29. ^ "Tratado de Tordesilhas - História, mapa e Brasil". Estudo Prático. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  30. ^ Cabral, Oswaldo R. (1970). História de Santa Catarina (in البرتغالية البرازيلية). Editôra Laudes.
  31. ^ Dalfré, Liz Andréa (11 July 2018). "Outras Narrativas Da Nacionalidade: O Movimento Do Contestado" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  32. ^ Wachowicz 1995, pp. 189–191.
  33. ^ Wachowicz 2010, pp. 231–232.
  34. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :12
  35. ^ "Aves de Santa Catarina". avesdesantacatarina.com.br (in البرتغالية البرازيلية). Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  36. ^ Cherem, Jorge J.; Simões-Lopes, Paulo C.; Althoff, Sérgio; Graipel, Maurício E. (2015-06-21). "Mastozoología neotropical - Lista dos mamíferos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul Do Brasil". Mastozoología Neotropical. 11 (2): 151–184. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  37. ^ Cherem, Jorge J.; Simões-Lopes, Paulo C.; Althoff, Sérgio; Graipel, Maurício E. (2015-06-21). "Mastozoología neotropical - Lista dos mamíferos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul Do Brasil". Mastozoología Neotropical. 11 (2): 151–184. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  38. ^ Piovesan, Monica; Orlandin, Elton; Favretto, Mario Arthur; Santos, Emili Bortolon (2014-09-28). "Contribuição para o conhecimento da lepidopterofauna de Santa Catarina". Scientia Plena (in البرتغالية). 10 (9). ISSN 1808-2793.
  39. ^ Vibrans, Alexander Christian, ed. (2012). Inventário florístico florestal de Santa Catarina. Vol. 1: Diversidade e conservação dos remanescentes florestais / Alexander Christian Vibrans. Vol. 1. Blumenau: Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Brasil. pp. 99–111. ISBN 978-85-7114-330-2.
  40. ^ "SImbolos". Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  41. ^ "ESTIMATIVAS DA POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS COM DATA DE REFERÊNCIA EM 2018" (in البرتغالية). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 3 September 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  42. ^ Source: PNAD.
  43. ^ IGBE
  44. ^ Nova Veneza Archived 19 أغسطس 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ POMERODE-SC
  46. ^ História de Treze Tílias Archived 2 نوفمبر 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Source: IBGE.

المصادر

تحوي هذه المقالة معلومات مترجمة من الطبعة الحادية عشرة لدائرة المعارف البريطانية لسنة 1911 وهي الآن من ضمن الملكية العامة.


وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سانتا_كاتارينا&oldid=4232852"