قائمة الكلمات اللاتينية واليونانية شائعة الاستخدام في الأسماء النظامية
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants is largely derived from Latin and Greek words, as are some of the names used for higher taxa, such as orders and above. At the time when biologist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the common language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice.
While learning Latin is now less common, it is still used by classical scholars, and for certain purposes in botany, medicine and the Roman Catholic Church, and it can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. Although the Latin names do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood, they are easier to recall. The binomial name often reflects limited knowledge or hearsay about a species at the time it was named. For instance Pan troglodytes, the chimpanzee, and Troglodytes troglodytes, the wren, are not necessarily cave-dwellers.
Sometimes a genus name or specific descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal (e.g. Canis is Latin for dog). These words may not be included in the table below if they only occur for one or two taxa. Instead, the words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms (in more than one genus).
Adjectives vary according to gender, and in most cases only the lemma form (nominative singular masculine form) is listed here. 1st-and-2nd-declension adjectives end in -us (masculine), -a (feminine) and -um (neuter), whereas 3rd-declension adjectives ending in -is (masculine and feminine) change to -e (neuter). For example, verus is listed without the variants for Aloe vera or Galium verum.
The second part of a binomial is often a person's name in the genitive case, ending -i (masculine) or -ae (feminine), such as Kaempfer's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus kaempferi. The name may be converted into a Latinised form first, giving -ii and -iae instead.
Words that are very similar to their English forms have been omitted.
Some of the Greek transliterations given are Ancient Greek, and others are Modern Greek.
In the tables, L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I–K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
| Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example | Search for titles containing the word or using the prefix: |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quadri- | L quattuor | four, square | burr grass, Festuca quadriflora (four-flowered); four-coloured bushshrike, Telophorus quadricolor; fourspot butterflyfish, Chaetodon quadrimaculatus; whorled loosestrife, Lysimachia quadrifolia (four-leaved) |
كل الصفحات ذات العناوين التي تبدأ بـ Quadri |
R
S
T
U
| Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example | Search for titles containing the word or using the prefix: |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ulmus | L | elm | American elm, Ulmus americana; elmleaf goldenrod, Solidago ulmifolia; Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila; Ulmus | |
| ulos | G οὖλος (oûlos) | woolly | Uloborus; Ulotrichi; Ulotrichopus | كل الصفحات ذات العناوين التي تبدأ بـ Ulo |
| unus | L | one | Monotropa uniflora; unicolor woolly lemur, Avahi unicolor | |
| ura | G οὐρά (ourá) | of the tail | mourning dove, Zenaida macroura; coral snake, Micrurus corallinus |
V
X–Z
| Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example | Search for titles containing the word or using the prefix: |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| xanthos | G ξανθός | yellow | yellow staining mushroom, Agaricus xanthodermus | كل الصفحات ذات العناوين التي تبدأ بـ Xanth |
| zebratus | L | cross-striped | Kolombatovic's goby, Chromogobius zebratus | |
| zoster | G ζωστήρ (zōstḗr) | belt, girdle | white-eyes, Zosterops; Zosterophyllum; Zosterocarpus abyssicola | كل الصفحات ذات العناوين التي تبدأ بـ Zoster |
| zygos | G ζυγός | joined | Zygophyllum; Zygoptera | كل الصفحات ذات العناوين التي تبدأ بـ Zygo |
See also
- Glossary of scientific naming
- List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
- List of descriptive plant species epithets (A–H)
- List of descriptive plant species epithets (I–Z)
- List of Greek and Latin roots in English
- List of Latin place names used as specific names
- List of Latin words with English derivatives
- List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes
- List of taxa named by anagrams
- Latin names of cities
References
- ^ "aurantíacus, a, um". Acta plantarum - Etimologia dei nomi botanici e micologici. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^ Harbach, Ralph E. (17 October 2018). Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI. ISBN 9781786399052 – via Google Books.
- ^ Chuck Griffith. "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2005.
- ^ "Rhus glabra L." Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
- ^ "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, G, Gracchus, grăcĭlĭpes". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ^ Umberto Quattrocchi (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. CRC Press. p. 2610. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short (1879). "pulchellus". A Latin Dictionary.
- ^ Saponaria. Archived 24 سبتمبر 2015 at the Wayback Machine Flora of North America.
- ^ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
saponarius saponaria saponarium soapy sapo sapon noun/m soap (from German) arius ari adj adjective suffix for nouns or numbers: connected to or possessed by
- ^ "Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, villōsus". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
External links
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles containing لاتينية-language text
- Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text
- Lists of words
- Greek words and phrases
- Latin words and phrases
- Etymologies
- Taxonomic lists
- Glossaries of biology
- Wikipedia glossaries using tables
- Latin language-related lists