جمهورية لانفانگ

جمهورية لانفانگ 蘭芳共和國
1777–1884
Flag
الحالة	جمهورية ولاية تابعة للصين تشينگ
Capital	قد تكون پونتياناك
اللغات المشتركة	الصينية، المالاوية
الحكومة	جمهورية رئاسية اتحاد كونگ‌سي
President
• 1777–1795	ليو فانگ‌بو
الحقبة التاريخية	الإمبريالية الجديدة
• التأسيس	1777
• الغزو الهولندي	1884
تلاها الهند الشرقية الهولندية
اليوم جزء من	إندونيسيا

جمهورية لانفانگ (الصينية: 蘭芳共和國; پن‌ين: Lánfāng Gònghéguó; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lân-phang Kiōng-hô-kok، Lanfang Republic)، هي دولة صينية واتحاد كونگ‌سي في كاليمنتان الغربية، إندونسيا. أسسها صيني هاكا يسمى ليو فانگ‌بو (羅芳伯) عام 1777، حتى انتهت بالاحتلال الهولندي عام 1884.

 وصول الصينيين

انظر أيضاً: اتحادات كونگ‌سي § التاريخ

 المصادر

• Blussé, Léonard; Zurndorfer, Harriet Thelma; Zürcher, Erik Jan, eds. (1993). Conflict and Accommodation in Early Modern East Asia: Essays in Honour of Erik Zürcher. Vol. Volume 29 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9004097759. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chin, John M. (1981). The Sarawak Chinese (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 0195804708. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gakuen, Seijō (1967). Uchida, Naosaku; Ikedavolume=, Kōtarō (eds.). Social and economic aspects of Japan: Seijo Gakuen jubilee year, 1917-1967. Economic Institute of Seijo University. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gerber, James; Guang, Lei, eds. (2006). Agriculture and Rural Connections in the Pacific, 1500-1900. Vol. Volume 13 of The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples And History of the Pacific, 1500–1900 (illustrated ed.). Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 0754639789. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521497817. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003). Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. Volume 34 of Southeast Asia publications series (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277338. Retrieved 10 March 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Irwin, Graham (1955). Nineteenth-century Borneo: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry. Part 15 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. M. Nijhoff. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
• Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (2005). Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (eds.). Chinese Indonesians: remembering, distorting, forgetting. Vol. Volume 61 of Monash papers on Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812302867. Retrieved 10 March 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Luo, Xianglin; Luo, Fangbo (1941). Luo Fangbo suo jian Boluozhou Kundian Lanfang da zong zhi kao (illustrated ed.). Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• 羅, 香林 (1961). 西婆羅洲羅芳伯等所建共和國考. 中國學社. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig (1997). Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, Volume 41. Lit-Verlag. ISBN 3825834328. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Oelschlägel, Anett C.; Nentwig, Ingo; Taube, Jakob, eds. (2005). "Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!": Festschrift für Erika Taube zum 65. Geburtstag (in German). Contributor Erika Taube. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN 3865830625. Retrieved 10 March 2014. {{cite book}}: horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Reece, Bob (1993). Datu Bandar Abang Hj. Mustapha of Sarawak: some reflections of his life and times. Sarawak Literary Society. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996). Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824824466. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Reid, Anthony (2008). Reid, Anthony (ed.). The Chinese Diaspora in the Pacific. Vol. Volume 16 of The Pacific World Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500–1900. Ashgate. ISBN 0754657493. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Yong, Paul (1994). A dream of freedom: the early Sarawak Chinese (2, illustrated ed.). Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 9679783774. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• YUNOS, ROZAN (May 23, 2011). "Saga of Lanfang Republic". THE BRUNEI TIMES. BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Setyautama, Sam; Mihardja, Suma (2008). Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia (in Malay). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 9799101255. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Suryadinata, Leo, ed. (1997). Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese: 1900-1977; a Sourcebook. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789971692018. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wang, Tai Peng (1994). The origins of Chinese kongsi. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 9679784495. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
• Zhang, Delai (2002). The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey of Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State. Sabah Theological Seminary. ISBN 9834084005. Retrieved 10 March 2014. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
• Zheng, Dekun (1982). Studies in Chinese Archaeology. Vol. Volume 3 of Centre for Chinese Archaeology and Art Hong Kong: Studies series. Chinese University Press. ISBN 9622012612. Retrieved 10 March 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Zheng, Dekun (1969). Archaeology in Sarawak (illustrated ed.). Heffer. ISBN 0852700113. Archived from the original on Jul 20, 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
• "The Eurozone as a Lan Fang Republic". Manifesta Journal. 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• The Sarawak Museum Journal. Vol. Volume 9 of The Sarawak Museum Journal: For the Promotion of Scientific Knowledge and Study of the Natives and Natural History of the Island of Borneo, Sarawak Museum. Contributor Sarawak Museum. Sarawak Museum. 1959. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• The Sarawak Museum Journal, Volume 19. Contributor Sarawak Museum. Sarawak Museum. 1971. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• The Numismatic Chronicle, Volume 153. Contributor Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain). Royal Numismatic Societ. 1993. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• Excerpta Indonesica, Issues 58-62. Contributors Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Bibliotheek. Centre for Documentation of Modern Indonesia, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. 1998. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 13 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Volume 75; Volume 77. Contributor Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Tokyo. 1979. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• China Today, Volume 6. Contributors China Today Society, Taiwan, Taipei (City). Institute for Chinese Culture, Institute of Chinese Culture, T'ai-pei, Institute for Advanced Chinese studies, Chung-kuo wen hua hsüeh yüan. Chung-Kuo wen hua yen chiu so, Chinese Translation Society, Chung-Kuo wen hua yen chiu so, Tai pei, United Publishing Center, Inc, Chinese Institute of Translation and Research. Institute of Chinese Culture. 1963. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 13 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
• Revue bibliographique de sinologie, Volumes 6-7 (in French=). Contributors Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Ecole pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 1988. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); horizontal tab character in |others= at position 13 (help)CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Taiwan guang Hua za zhi, Volume 33, Issues 7-12. 光華畫報雜誌社. 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 4, Issues 43-52. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

 المراجع

• Heidhues, Mary Somers (2001), "Chinese Settlements in Rural Southeast Asia: Unwritten Histories", in Anthony Reid, Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press .

 وصلات خارجية

• Info at Asiawind.com
• Flag of Lanfang Republic at FOTW