كريستيانستاد
كريستيانستاد (Kristianstad ؛ UK /ˈkrɪstʃənstɑːd/,[2] السويدية: [krɪˈɧǎnːsta, -ɑːd];[3] التهجي الأقدم من الدنماركية Christianstad) هي مدينة ومقر بلدية كريستيانستاد، مقاطعة سكونه، السويد بتعداد 40,145 نسمة في 2016.[1] وخلال الخمسة عشر سنة الأخيرة، تحولت من بلدة حامية إلى مدينة تجارية متطورة، واليوم تجذب الزوار في الصيف أساساً من ألمانيا والدنمارك وهولندا.[بحاجة لمصدر]
كريستيانستاد
Kristianstad | |
|---|---|
 كريستيانستاد | |
 Coat of arms | |
  كريستيانستاد  كريستيانستاد | |
| الإحداثيات: 56°01′46″N 14°09′24″E / 56.02944°N 14.15667°ECoordinates: 56°01′46″N 14°09′24″E / 56.02944°N 14.15667°E | |
| البلد | السويد |
| المركز | سكونه |
| المقاطعة | مقاطعة سكونه |
| البلدية | بلدية كريستيانستاد |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 21٫4 كم² (8٫3 ميل²) |
| التعداد (31 December 2016)[1] | |
| • الإجمالي | 40٬145 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬876/km2 (4٬860/sq mi) |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | Official website |
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التاريخ
The city was founded in 1614 by King Christian IV of Denmark, the city's name literally means 'Town of Christian', as a planned city after the burning of the nearby town of Vä and moving the city rights of the neighbouring town of Sölvesborg and Åhus to the new town. The purpose of the town was to safeguard the eastern half of the Danish province of Scania against any future raids from Sweden in the north, but also as a symbol of the power of Christian himself. One of these raids had sacked the nearby town of Vä in 1612. Vä then lost its charter and the people were moved to the new, better fortified city. The king also founded the town of Christianopel in eastern Blekinge to serve a similar purpose.
Construction of the towns was a great prestige project for the king, and Kristianstad's church (دنماركية: Trefoldighedskirken; سويدية: Heliga Trefaldighetskyrkan) is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful buildings constructed by King Christian IV, or even northern Europe's most beautiful Renaissance church. This meant that the church was built considerably larger than there was initially use for. The king also wanted castle or fortress constructed inside the town but shortage of funds made this impossible, of the intended castle only an arsenal was constructed which today serves as the main building of the local museum. Also in Christianstad the town planning of the Renaissance could be laid down for the first time at the foundation of the town. This makes the Kristianstad town centre of today exceptionally well-kept and easy to get around in.
The city's coat of arms depicts two lions holding the King Christian IV's crowned insignia, the monogram C4. The coat of arms was only slightly modified after the Swedish takeover following the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde in which the eastern third of Denmark was ceded to Sweden. The coat of arms is very similar to the coat of arms of the former town of Christianopel in eastern Blekinge, a town also founded by Christian IV. Since 1971, the coat of arms is used by Kristianstad Municipality. Kristianstad's coat of arms is one of the few coat of arms in the world depicting a foreign king's or queen's coat of arms. A reason for the Swedes to continue using the old coat of arms could be its colours – blue and yellow, but Denmark is also held in high regard locally in Scania.
Pylyp Orlyk was after 1709 chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as the protector of Ukraine. After 1714 Orlyk now together with several other cossacks followed the Swedish king Charles XII to Sweden. Orlyk with his family and about 40 other Cossacks arrived in Ystad, Sweden in late November 1715. After some months in Ystad they lived in the city of Kristianstad for some years.[4] Orlyk wrote numerous proclamations and essays about Ukraine including the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk.[5]
Kristianstad served as capital of Kristianstad County between 1719 and 1997. It now houses the administration and the regional parliament of the Skåne Regional Council. For a long time Kristianstad also was a very important garrison town, the A3 Wendes Artillery Regiment and the P6 South Scanian Infantry Regiment being the towns most prominent military units. Also the town housed for many years the so-called Scanian Fortification Brigade. The Wendes Artillery Regiment served with distinction in the Napoleonic Wars. One of Sweden's higher courts of appeal was located in Kristianstad before being moved to Malmö in 1917.
الجغرافيا
Sweden's lowest point, at 2.41 meters below mean sea level, is located in Kristianstad. Because of this, parts of the city have to be protected from flooding by a system of levees and water pumps. To expand the city, large areas of low-lying wetlands have had to be walled in, especially to the east. To prevent future flooding of the city center, the existing levees are in the process of being reinforced and new levees against both Helge å and Hammarsjön are under construction. An extensive system of ponds and dams is also under construction. The threat of flooding became substantial during late winter 2002, when the greater part of the public park Tivoliparken was under water.[6] However, the wetlands around the city are starting to be regarded more as an asset, not least thanks to the creation of Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve.[7] Today the Vattenriket is a Unesco biosphere reserve.
المناخ
تتسم كريستيانستاد بـمناخ قاري رطب. فالصيف دافئ وطويل نسبياً بالمقياس السويدي.
| بيانات مناخ كريستيانستاد، 2002–2020; درجات الحراراة القصوى منذ 1901، هطول الأمطار 1961–1990 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 11.6 (52.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
29.5 (85.1) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
33٫6 (92٫5) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 2.7 (36.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.2 (72) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12٫7 (54٫9) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 0.3 (32.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.8 (64) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.0 (41) |
2.0 (35.6) |
8٫7 (47٫7) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -2.2 (28) |
-2.0 (28.4) |
-0.9 (30.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.0 (50) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
0.0 (32) |
4٫7 (40٫5) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -27.8 (-18) |
-23.4 (-10.1) |
-22.8 (-9) |
-8.5 (16.7) |
-3.8 (25.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.2 (36) |
-2.0 (28.4) |
-9.9 (14.2) |
-15.0 (5) |
-24.6 (-12.3) |
−27٫8 (−18) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 47.7 (1.878) |
33.0 (1.299) |
36.2 (1.425) |
36.1 (1.421) |
42.4 (1.669) |
47.4 (1.866) |
64.0 (2.52) |
50.1 (1.972) |
54.8 (2.157) |
50.6 (1.992) |
53.7 (2.114) |
50.7 (1.996) |
561٫8 (22٫118) |
| Source #1: SMHI Average Precipitation 1961-1990[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: SMHI Average Data 2002-2016[9] | |||||||||||||
البيئة
Kristianstad has by now crossed a vital threshold, as the city and adjacent municipality, with a population of 80,000, in essence use no oil, natural gas or coal to warm homes and businesses, even throughout the extensive chilly winters. It is an absolute turnaround from 20 years ago, when all of its heating came from fossil fuels.[10]
الصناعة
Absolut Vodka, owned by Pernod Ricard, is produced by the town of Åhus located within the municipality. Kristianstad was the main military seat in Scania for a long time, boosting military camps and trainings. After the reforms and military cutbacks of the 1990s all of these have been closed, although a new military presence is being established in nearby Rinkaby which holds an old military training ground. Also in and around Kristianstad are numerous enterprises concerned with agriculture and it is usually said that every Swede everyday eats something produced from Kristianstad. At the old garrison ground for the P6 South Scanian Infantry Regiment (later mechanized) there is today the local Kristianstad University which is specialized in educating teachers and nurses.
الثقافة
The Swedish Film industry (Svensk Filmindustri) commenced its activities in Kristianstad in the 1910s,[بحاجة لمصدر] before moving to Stockholm in 1920. Today the old studio is a museum.
أحداث
The 2011 World Scout Jamboree was held near Rinkaby, in Kristianstad municipality. Also every summer there is a huge beachhandboll tournament in Åhus.
أشخاص بارزون
- Magnus Colcord Heurlin Artist Alaska
- Ingeman Arbnor, economist
- Fredrik Böök, author
- Bror Erik Friberg, Judge of Assessment Court, New Zealand, 1877
- Ann-Louise Hanson, singer
- Bo Lundgren, politician
- Robert Karl Wallner, scientist
- Augusta Lundin, fashion designer
- Hulda Lundin, sloyd educator
- Åke Ohlmarks, writer
- Johan Christopher Toll, soldier
- Carl Ludvig Trägårdh, artist
- Lisa Nordén, professional triathlete, 2008 Olympian and 2012 Olympic silver medalist
- Timothy Liljegren, profession ice hockey player, Toronto Maple Leafs draftee
- Daniel Liljeroth, professional e-sports player
- Kosovare Asllani, professional football player
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المدن الشقيقة
Kristianstad has eight sister cities:[11]
المناظر
"Stora kronohuset"
Railway station
Citygate
Cityhotel (Stadshotellet), also the Freemason House
Theatre
Heliga Trefaldighetskyrkan
"Kvarnen"
Lilla torg
Old railroad bridge across Helge å
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- Some material has been incorporated from the corresponding article on Swedish Wikipedia
Brew, Margit Scandinavian footprints: a history of Scandinavians settling in New Zealand Auckland, NZ: M.Brew, c2007.
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت "Tätorter 2016; befolkning, landareal, andel som överlappas av fritidshusområden" (in السويدية). Statistics Sweden. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ "Kristianstad". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in السويدية). p. 14.
- ^ Alfred Jensen: Mazepa, p.174–194. Lund 1909.
- ^ 300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk being celebrated, Kyiv Post (April 5, 2010)
- ^ "Skydd mot översvämningar (Protection from flooding)". Retrieved 2016-08-16.
- ^ "Summary". www.vattenriket.kristianstad.se. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
- ^ "Precipitation Averages 1961-90 (Kristianstad code 6403)". SMHI. March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Statistics from Weather Stations" (in السويدية). SMHI. June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "Using Waste, Swedish City Cuts Its Fossil Fuel Use". New York Times. December 10, 2010.
- ^ "Twin Cities". Kristianstad. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
وصلات خارجية
