اللغة الدانماركية
اللغة الدنماركية /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ (dansk تُنطق [d̥anˀsɡ̊] (
استمع); dansk sprog, [ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ ˈsb̥ʁɔʊ̯ˀ]) هي لغة الدنمارك الرسمية وإحدى اللغات الإسكندنافية، اللغة الدنماركية فرع من اللغات الجرمانية الشمالية. ويتحدثها ما يقارب 6 ملايين نسمة غالبيتهم في الدنمارك كما يتحدثها حوالي 50,000 دنماركي في شلسڤيگ الجنوبية في شمال ألمانيا حيث تحتفظ بمكانة رسمية يصفتها لغة أقلية، اللغة الدنماركية تعد كذلك احدى اللغات الرسمية في الاتحاد الأوربي.
| Danish | |
|---|---|
| dansk | |
| النطق | [d̥anˀsɡ̊] |
| موطنها | |
الناطقون الأصليون | 5.6 million (2007)e17 |
الهندو-اوروپية
| |
| اللهجات | |
| Signed Danish | |
| الوضع الرسمي | |
لغة رسمية في | |
لغة أقلية معترف بها في | |
| ينظمها | |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-2 | dan |
| ISO 639-2 | dan |
| ISO 639-3 | Either: dan – Insular Danish jut – Jutlandic |
| Glottolog | dani1284 |
| Linguasphere | 5 2-AAA-bf & -ca to -cj |
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الصوتيات
الحروف المتحركة
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close (high) |
i | y | u | ||
| Near-close | e | ||||
| Close-mid | ɛ | ø | o | ||
| Mid | ə | ɔ | |||
| Open-mid | æ | œ | ɒ | ||
| Near-open | a | ɶ | ʌ, ɐ | ||
| Open (low) |
ɑ | ||||
الصوامت
In distinct pronunciation it is possible to distinguish at least 21 consonants in most variants of Danish:
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo -palatal |
Velar | Uvular/ pharyngeal |
Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Plosive | pʰ | b̥ | tˢ | d̥ | kʰ | ɡ̊ | |||
| Fricative | f | s | (ɕ) | h | |||||
| Approximant | ʋ | ð | j | ʁ | |||||
| Vocoid | ʊ̯ | ɪ̯ | ɐ̯ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||
الأرقام
| Cardinal numeral | Danish | Literal English | Ordinal numeral | Danish | Literal English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | én / ét | one | 1st | første | first |
| 12 | tolv | twelve | 12th | tolvte | twelfth |
| 23 | treogtyve | three and twenty | 23rd | treogtyvende | three and 20th |
| 34 | fireogtredive | four and thirty | 34th | fireogtred(i)vte | four and 30th |
| 45 | femogfyrre(tyve) | five and four (tens) | 45th | femogfyrretyvende | five and four tens'th |
| 56 | seksoghalvtreds(indstyve) | six and [two score plus] half [of the] third (score) | 56th | seksoghalvtredsindstyvende | six and [two score plus] half [of the] third score-eth |
| 67 | syvogtres(indstyve) | seven and three (score) | 67th | syvogtresindstyvende | seven and three score-eth |
| 78 | otteoghalvfjerds(indstyve) | eight and [three score plus] half [of the] fourth (score) | 78th | otteoghalvfjerdsindstyvende | eight and [three score plus] half [of the] fourth score-eth |
| 89 | niogfirs(indstyve) | nine and four (score) | 89th | niogfirsindstyvende | nine and four score-eth |
| 90 | halvfems(indstyve) | [four score plus] half [of the] fifth (score) | 90th | halvfemsindstyvende | [four score plus] half [of the] fifth score-eth |
Notes and references
Bibliography
- Grønnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk, 3rd edition. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005) The Phonology of Danish ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Carl Harding Sørensen (1999) Vikings and Expeditions (Vikinger og togter)
وصلات خارجية
- English online dictionary and grammar for Danish
- "BBC Quickfix: Danish" 12 Danish phrases with audio
- "Learning the Danish language online" a list of courses on newtodenmark.dk
- "GrammarExplorer Danish" an online Danish grammar
- "Speakdanish" a commercial Danish course with audio
- "Danish Online" a Danish course with audios, text-to-speech, picture dictionary facilities and many others
- Danish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
- "Danish as a second language" at Studieskolen
- "Sproget.dk" sproget.dk is the place on the internet where you can find guidance, information and answers to questions about the Danish language and language matters in Denmark (in Danish)