الجبال الكرپاتية

Coordinates: 47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5
(تم التحويل من Carpathians)
"Carpathian" redirects here. For other uses, see Carpathian (توضيح).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Karpathos or Montes Carpatus.
الكرپاتية
الكربات الغربية الداخلية، تاترا العالية، پولندا
أعلى نقطة
القمةقمة گرلاتشوڤسكي Gerlachovský štít
الارتفاع2،655 متر[convert: unknown unit] Edit this on Marefadata
التسمية
الجغرافيا
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Location_map على السطر 526: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Carpathians-satellite.jpg" does not exist.
The different sections of the Carpathians with the borders of constituent countries in black, and the rivers in blue
البلدجمهورية التشيك
نطاق الإحداثيات47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5

الجبال الكرپاثية جزء من سلسلة جبال عظيمة في أوروبا الوسطى، وتمتد إلى مسافة 1,500 كم على طول الحدود بين سلوفاكيا وبولندا، وإلى داخل رومانيا. وأعلى ارتفاع في هذه الجبال جبل قمة گرلاتشوڤسكي ستيت 2,655 م في سلسلة جبال تاترا في سلوفاكيا، وجبل ريزي 2,499 م في بولندا.

وجبال الكرباثيان امتداد لسلسلة جبال تضم الألب، إلا أن قممها أقل ارتفاعًا من الألب؛ بجانب أنها تضم عددًا قليلاً من البحيرات والأنهار الجليدية والشلالات. وتحتوي جبال كارباثيان على العديد من المعادن؛ من بينها ترسبات عالية من الفحم الحجري والملح. وتأتي مقادير هائلة من الأخشاب من غابات التنوب والبلوط والزان التي تغطي المنحدرات السفلى لهذه الجبال. وتتجول الذئاب وحيوانات الوشق والدببة في هذه الغابات بحرية. وتحفل وديان كارباثيان بمزارع خصبة، ويجتاز الناس هذه الجبال عبر ممرات ضيقة.

The Carpathians provide habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania,[2][3][4] as well as over one-third of all European plant species.[5] The mountains and their foothills also have many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania having one-third of the European total.[6][7]

Romania is likewise home to the second-largest area of virgin forests in Europe after Russia, totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians,[8] with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe's largest unfragmented forest area.[9] Rates of forest loss due to clearcutting, and deforestation due to illegal logging in the Carpathians are high.[10]

الاسم

الكربات الغربية الداخلية، تاترا العالية، سلوڤاكيا.
هوڤرلا في اوكرانيا.

In modern times, the range is called Karpaty in Czech, Polish and Slovak and Карпати [kɐrˈpɑtɪ] استمع (المساعدة·معلومات) in Ukrainian, Карпати / Karpati in Serbo-Croatian, Carpați [karˈpatsʲ] استمع (المساعدة·معلومات) in Romanian, Карпаты in Rusyn, Karpaten [kaʁˈpaːtn̩] استمع (المساعدة·معلومات) in German and Kárpátok [ˈkaːrpaːtok] in Hungarian.[11][12] Although the toponym was recorded by Ptolemy in the second century AD,[13] the modern form of the name is a neologism in most languages.[11]

الأسماء التاريخية

In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici (meaning Sarmatian Mountains).[14] The Western Carpathians were called Carpates, a name that is first recorded in Ptolemy's Geographia (second century AD).[15]

In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which relates ancient Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns, the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic form as Harvaða fjöllum (see Grimm's law). "Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia" ("Between the Hunic Alps and the ocean lies Poland") by Gervase of Tilbury, was described in his Otia Imperialia ("Recreation for an Emperor") in 1211.[16] Thirteenth- to fifteenth-century Hungarian documents named the mountains Thorchal, Tarczal, or less frequently Montes Nivium ("Snowy Mountains").[16]

Havasok ("Snowy Mountains") was its medieval Hungarian name. Rus' chronicles referred to it as "Hungarian Mountains".[12][11] Later sources, such as Dimitrie Cantemir and the Italian chronicler Giovanandrea Gromo, referred to the range as "Transylvania's Mountains", while the 17th-century historian Constantin Cantacuzino translated the name of the mountains in an Italian-Romanian glossary to "Rumanian Mountains".[11]

أصل الاسم

The etymology of the Carpathians is not clearly established, but the name "Carpates" is highly associated with the old Dacian tribes called "Carpes" or "Carpi" who lived in an area to the east of the Carpathians, from the east, northeast of the Black Sea to the Transylvanian Plain in the present day Romania and Moldova.

الكلمات المحتملة كجذور

Hutsul people, living in the Carpathian mountains, 1872ح. 1872

Karpates is considered a Paleo-Balkan name, with evidence provided by the Albanian kárpë / kárpa, pl. kárpa / kárpat ('rock, stiff'), and the Messapic karpa 'tuff (rock), limestone' (preserved as càrpë 'tuff' in Bitonto dialect and càrparu 'limestone' in Salentino).[17][18][19][20][21][13] This connection is further supported by the fact that also the oronym Beskydy, a series of mountain ranges in the Carpathians, has a meaning in Albanian: bjeshkë / bjeshkët 'high mountains, mountain pastures' (cf. also the Albanian oronym Bjeshkët e Namuna, the Accursed Mountains / Albanian Alps).[20][21]

The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto Indo-European root *sker-/*ker-, which meant mountain, rock, or rugged (cf. Albanian kárpë, Germanic root *skerp-, Old Norse harfr "harrow", Gothic skarpo, Middle Low German scharf "potsherd", and Modern High German Scherbe "shard", Lithuanian kar~pas "cut, hack, notch", Latvian cìrpt "to shear, clip").[22] The archaic Polish word karpa meant 'rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots, or trunks'. The more common word skarpa means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain, cf. Old English scearp and English sharp.

The name may instead come from Indo-European *kwerp 'to turn', akin to Old English hweorfan 'to turn, change' (English warp) and Greek καρπός karpós 'wrist' (Karpathos island has the same root word), perhaps referring to the way the Carpathian mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.[22]

الجغرافيا

Topographic map of the Carpathian Mountains, showing their distribution from the far eastern Czech Republic (3%) and Austria (1%) through Slovakia (21%), Poland (10%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%).[23][24][25][26]

Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not form an uninterrupted chain of mountains, but consist of several orographically and geologically distinctive groups. The northwestern Carpathians begin in Slovakia and southern Poland. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast, and end on the Danube near Orșova in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1،500 km (930 mi).

View of Tatry from Bukowina Tatrzańska, Poland

The mountain chain's width varies between 12 و 500 km (7 و 311 mi). The highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest, in the Transylvanian plateau and in the southern Tatra Mountains group. The highest range, in which Gerlachovský štít in Slovakia is the highest peak, is 2،655 m (8،711 ft) above sea level.

The Carpathians cover an area of 190،000 km2 (73،000 sq mi). After the Alps, they form the next-most extensive mountain system in Europe. Percentage of the range by country is: Czech Republic (3%) and Austria (1%) in the northwest through Slovakia (21%), Poland (10%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%) in the south.

It was believed that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent research by Polish scientists discovered one permafrost and glacial area in the Tatra Mountains.[27]

مقارنة مع الألپ

بحيرة بوكورا، الكربات الجنوبية، رومانيا.

The Carpathians, which attain an altitude over 2،500 m (8،200 ft) in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowfields, large glaciers, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and flora.

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube, only meeting at the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The river also separates the Carpathians from the Balkan Mountains at Orșova in Romania. The valley of the March and Oder separates the Carpathians from the Silesian and Moravian chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe.

View of Spiš Castle in Slovakia, from the Branisko Pass

Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the Black Sea, are surrounded on all sides by plains. The Pannonian plain is to the southwest, the Lower Danubian Plain to the south, with the southern part being in Bulgaria, and the northern – in (Romania), and the Galician plain to the northeast.

الممرات الجبلية

In the Romanian part of the main chain of the Carpathians, mountain passes include Prislop Pass, Tihuța Pass, Bicaz Canyon, Ghimeș Pass, Buzău Pass, Predeal Pass (crossed by the railway from Brașov to Bucharest), Turnu Roșu Pass (1,115 ft., running through the narrow gorge of the Olt River and crossed by the railway from Sibiu to Bucharest), Vulcan Pass, and the Iron Gate (both crossed by the railway from Timișoara to Craiova).

الجيولوجيا

خندق بيكاز

The area now occupied by the Carpathians was once occupied by smaller ocean basins. The Carpathian mountains were formed during the Alpine orogeny in the Mesozoic[28] and Cenozoic by moving the ALCAPA (Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian), Tisza and Dacia plates over subducting oceanic crust.[29]

The mountains take the form of a fold and thrust belt with generally north vergence in the western segment, northeast to east vergence in the eastern portion and southeast vergence in the southern portion. Currently, the area is the most seismically active in Central Europe.[30]

The external, generally northern, portion of the orogenic belt is a Tertiary accretionary wedge of a so-called Flysch belt (the Carpathian Flysch Belt) created by rocks scraped off the sea bottom and thrust over the North-European plate. The Carpathian accretionary wedge is made of several thin skinned nappes composed of Cretaceous to Paleogene turbidites. Thrusting of the Flysch nappes over the Carpathian foreland caused the formation of the Carpathian foreland basin.[31] The boundary between the Flysch belt and internal zones of the orogenic belt in the western segment of the mountain range is marked by the Pieniny Klippen Belt, a narrow complicated zone of polyphase compressional deformation, later involved in a supposed strike-slip zone.[32]

Bucegi Mountains in Romania

Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older Variscan igneous massifs reworked in Mesozoic thick and thin-skinned nappes. During the Middle Miocene this zone was affected by intensive calc-alkaline[33] arc volcanism that developed over the subduction zone of the flysch basins. At the same time, the internal zones of the orogenic belt were affected by large extensional structure[34] of the back-arc Pannonian Basin.[35] The last volcanic activity occurred at Ciomadul about 30,000 years ago.[33]

The mountains started to gain their current shape from the latest Miocene onward.[36] At some locations solifluction deposits have formed on the slopes of the Carpathians.[36] Iron, gold and silver were found in great quantities[vague] in the Western Carpathians. After the Roman emperor Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver.[37]

البيئة

المقالة الرئيسية: Carpathian montane conifer forests
A horse atop the Krasna mountain range in Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast

The ecology of the Carpathians varies with altitude, ranging from lowland forests to alpine meadows. Foothill forests are primarily of broadleaf deciduous trees, including oak, hornbeam, and linden. European beech is characteristic of the montane forest zone. Higher-elevation subalpine forests are characterized by Norway spruce (Picea abies). Krummholz and alpine meadows occur above the treeline.[38]

Wildlife in the Carpathians includes Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos), Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), European wildcat (Felis silvestris), Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica), European bison (Bison bonasus), and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos).[38]

أقسام الجبال الكرباتية

المقالة الرئيسية: Divisions of the Carpathians
خريطة الأقسام الرئيسية للكربات.
1. الكرپات الغربية الخارجية
2. الكرپات الغربية الداخلية
3. الكرپات الشرقية الخارجية
4. الكرپات الشرقية الداخلية
5. الكرپات الجنوبية
6. الكرپات الرومانية الغربية
7. الهضبة الترانسلڤانية
8. الكرپات الصربية

أكبر سلسلة جبال في الكرپات هي جبال تاترا.

The section of the Carpathians within the borders of Ukraine is commonly known as the Ukrainian Carpathians. Classification of eastern sections of the Carpathians is particularly complex, since it was influenced by several overlapping traditions. Terms like Wooded Carpathians, Poloniny Mountains or Eastern Beskids are often used in varying scopes by authors belonging to different traditions.

أعلى القمم

This is an (incomplete) list of the peaks of the Carpathians having summits over 2،500 متر (8،200 ft), with their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.

Peak Geologic divisions Nation (Nations) County (Counties) Height (m) Height (ft)
Gerlachovský štít High Tatras Slovakia Prešov Region 2،655 8،711
Gerlachovská veža 2،642 8،668
Lomnický štít 2،633 8،638
Ľadový štít 2،627 8،619
Pyšný štít 2،623 8،606
Zadný Gerlach 2،616 8،583
Lavínový štít 2،606 8،550
Malý Ľadový štít 2،602 8،537
Kotlový štít 2،601 8،533
Lavínová veža 2،600 8،500
Malý Pyšný štít 2،591 8،501
Veľká Litvorová veža 2،581 8،468
Strapatá veža 2،565 8،415
Kežmarský štít 2،556 8،386
Vysoká 2،547 8،356
Moldoveanu Făgăraș Mountains Romania Argeș 2،544 8،346
Negoiu Sibiu 2،535 8،317
Viștea Mare Brașov 2،527 8،291
Parângu Mare Parâng Mountains Alba, Gorj, Hunedoara 2،519 8،264
Lespezi Făgăraș Mountains Sibiu 2،517 8،258
Peleaga Retezat Mountains Hunedoara 2،509 8،232
Păpușa 2،508 8،228
Vânătoarea lui Buteanu Făgăraș Mountains Argeș 2،507 8،225
Omu (mountain) Bucegi Mountains Prahova, Brașov, Dâmbovița 2،514 8،248
Cornul Călțunului Făgăraș Mountains Sibiu 2،505 8،219
Ocolit (Bucura) Bucegi Mountains Prahova, Brașov, Dâmbovița 2،503 8،212
Rysy High Tatras Poland, Slovakia Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Prešov Region 2،503 8،212
Dara Făgăraș Mountains Romania Sibiu 2،500 8،200

أعلى القمم حسب البلد

This is a list of the highest national peaks of the Carpathians, their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.

Peak Geologic divisions Nation (Nations) County (Counties) Height (m) Height (ft)
Gerlachovský štít High Tatras Slovakia Prešov Region 2،655 8،711
Moldoveanu Făgăraș Mountains Romania Argeș 2،544 8،346
Rysy High Tatras Poland Tatra County 2،499 8،199
Hoverla Eastern Beskids (Chornohora) Ukraine Nadvirna Raion, Rakhiv Raion 2،061 6،762
Rtanj Serbian Carpathians Serbia Zaječar District 1،565 5،135
Lysá hora Moravian-Silesian Beskids Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region 1،323 4،341
Kékes Mátra-Slanec Area (Mátra) Hungary Heves County 1،014 3،327
Hundsheimer Berg Hundsheimer Berge Austria Niederösterreich 481 1،578

المدن والبلدات

The table and the list may contain some localities near the Carpathians, not only in these mountains.

Largest cities. Data based on their articles. Highest elevation if available (otherwise might be the average elevation).
المدينة البلد التعداد أعلى منسوب [م] خط العرض خط الطول
Kraków Poland 804,237 383 50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E
Banská Bystrica Slovakia 74,590 368 48°44′07″N 19°08′43″E
Bratislava Slovakia 475,503 514 48°08′38″N 17°06′35″E
Cluj-Napoca Romania 286,598 340 46°46′N 23°35′E
Chernivtsi Ukraine 264,298 248 48°18′0″N 25°56′0″E
Brașov Romania 237,589 538 45°40′N 25°37′E
Košice Slovakia 225,044 206 48°43′N 21°15′E
Ivano-Frankivsk Ukraine 238,196 260 48°55′22″N 24°42′38″E
Oradea Romania 183,105 142 47°04′20″N 21°55′16″E
Bielsko-Biała Poland 165,127 1,117 49°49′21″N 19°2′40″E
Miskolc Hungary 143,502 945 48°06′15″N 20°47′30″E
Sibiu Romania 134,309 415 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E
Târgu Mureș Romania 116,033 320 46°32′44″N 24°33′45″E
Baia Mare Romania 108,759 228 47°39′24″N 23°34′19″E
Uzhhorod Ukraine 115,449 169 48°37′26″N 22°17′42″E
تارنوڤ Poland 105,922 384[39] 50°00′45″N 20°59′19″E
Râmnicu Vâlcea Romania 93,151 250 45°6′17″N 24°22′32″E
Prešov Slovakia 82,927 296 49°00′06″N 21°14′22″E
Mukachevo Ukraine 85,569 125 48°27′00″N 22°45′00″E
Drohobych Ukraine 73,682 371[40] 49°21′00″N 23°30′00″E

المدن والبلدات الأصغر:

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Carpathian Mountains

| Carpathian Mountains

]].
الكلمات الدالة:
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