معركة مانيلا (1898)

Battle of Manila
جزء من the Philippine Revolution and Spanish–American War
"Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.
التاريخ 13 August 1898 الموقع Manila, Philippines النتيجة American-Filipino victory Spanish forces surrendered the city to the Americans. End of the Spanish–American War in the Philippines.
المتحاربون
الولايات المتحدة Filipino Revolutionaries	Spanish Empire
القادة والزعماء
Wesley Merritt George Dewey Arthur MacArthur, Jr. Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna	Fermin Jáudenes Basilio Augustín
القوى
10,700 40,000	13,000
الضحايا والخسائر
6 killed (United States)	49 killed, 1 fort

Photo of American soldiers guarding a bridge over the Pasig River after the battle, August 13, 1898

"Insurgent (Filipino) soldiers in the Philippines, 1899"(original caption)

The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; إسپانية: Batalla de Manilacode: es is deprecated ), sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila, was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay. The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces led by United States Army Brigadier General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey. American forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

The battle is sometimes referred to as the "Mock Battle of Manila" because the local Spanish and American generals, who were legally still at war, secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to the Americans while keeping the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, out of the city center.

The battle left American forces in control of Intramuros, the center of Manila, surrounded by Philippine revolutionary forces, creating the conditions for the Battle of Manila of 1899 and the start of the Philippine–American War.

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 Background

After the American victory in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the United States Navy, under Admiral George Dewey, blockaded the city of Manila and waited for land forces to arrive. The United States organized the Eighth Army Corps, dubbed the Philippine Expeditionary Force, under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt. On May 16, the vanguard of the force left San Francisco under the command of Brigadier General Thomas M. Anderson. Merritt, on the same day, asked for information concerning the strength of the Spanish in the Philippines. The American consul in Hong Kong gave the information needed: 21,000 men including 4,000 Filipinos, all except 1,000 of them in Manila. Dewey, however, sent more accurate information: around 40,000 troops including around 16,000 Filipinos, about 15,000 were situated in Manila, and nine artillery guns in Manila. By mid-June, some 40,000 Filipino revolutionaries under General Antonio Luna had dug fourteen miles of trenches around Manila. Filipino revolutionaries, seizing control of Manila's only pumping station, cut off the water supply to the city.

 See also

• Battles of the Spanish–American War

 References

 Bibliography

• Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1960), Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, OCLC 2163102 
• Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino People, Garotech Publishing, ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ 
• Blanchard, William H. (1996), Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000 (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-30013-4, https://books.google.com/?id=d42R23Jq6SMC 
• Halstead, Murat (1898), "Chapter X. Official History of the Conquest of Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, pp. 95–110, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=95&fk_files=58428 
• Karnow, Stanley (1990), In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Random House, Inc., ISBN 978-0-345-32816-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=z9aC90HHTy8C 
• Sweetman, Jack (2002), American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775–present, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-55750-867-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC 
• Trask, David F. (1996), The War With Spain in 1898, University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-9429-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=6YtDT1ZQ588C 
• Wolff, Leon (2006), Little Brown Brother, Wolff Productions, ISBN 978-1-58288-209-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC 

 للاستزادة

• Freidel, Frank (2002). The Splendid Little War. Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford Books. ISBN 978-1-58080-093-8.

 وصلات خارجية

• Home of heroes
• Spanish–American War