المعرفة

گرمن إف-14 توم‌كات

"F-14" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر F-14 (توضيح).

The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, twin-tail, variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navy's Naval Fighter Experimental (VFX) program after the collapse of the F-111B project. The F-14 was the first of the American Teen Series fighters, which were designed incorporating air combat experience against MiG fighters during the Vietnam War.

F-14 Tomcat
US Navy 051105-F-5480T-005 An F-14D Tomcat conducts a mission over the Persian Gulf-region.jpg
A U.S. Navy F-14D conducts a mission over the Persian Gulf-region in 2005.
الدور Interceptor, air superiority, and multirole fighter
دولة المنشأ United States
الصانع Grumman Aerospace Corporation
أول تحليق 21 December 1970
التقديم 22 September 1974
أحيلت للتقاعد 22 September 2006 (United States Navy)
الوضع In service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
المستخدم الرئيسي United States Navy (historical)
Imperial Iranian Air Force (historical)
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
المنتـَج 1969–1991
العدد المنتج 712

The F-14 first flew on 21 December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 with the U.S. Navy aboard يوإس‌إس Enterprise (CVN-65), replacing the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. The F-14 served as the U.S. Navy's primary maritime air superiority fighter, fleet defense interceptor, and tactical aerial reconnaissance platform into the 2000s. The Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night (LANTIRN) pod system was added in the 1990s and the Tomcat began performing precision ground-attack missions.[1]

In the 1980s, F-14s were used as land-based interceptors by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War, where they saw combat against Iraqi warplanes. Iran claimed their F-14s shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the war (only 55 of these confirmed according to historian Tom Cooper),[2] while 16 Tomcats were lost including seven losses due to accidents.[2][3]

The Tomcat was retired by U.S. Navy on 22 September 2006, having been supplanted by the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Several retired F-14s have been put on display across the US. The F-14 remains in service with Iran's air force, having been exported to Iran under the Pahlavi regime in 1976. In November 2015, reports emerged of Iranian F-14s flying escort for Russian Tupolev Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers on air strikes in Syria.[4]

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Development

Background

 
The F-111B was designed to fulfill the carrier-based interceptor role, but was found to have weight and performance problems, and was not suited to the aerial combat then becoming apparent over Vietnam

Design

F-14 Tomcat flight demonstration video


Operational history

المقالة الرئيسية: F-14 Tomcat operational history

United States

 
An F-14A of VF-84 Jolly Rogers, in a 1970s color scheme
 
An F-14A from VF-114 intercepting a Soviet Tu-95RT "Bear-D" maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
 
An F-14A of VF-32 during Operation Desert Storm with a KC-135 Stratotanker and two EA-6B Prowlers in the background


Iran

The sole foreign customer for the Tomcat was the Imperial Iranian Air Force, during the reign of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the early 1970s, the Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) was searching for an advanced fighter, specifically one capable of intercepting Soviet MiG-25 reconnaissance flights. After a visit of U.S. President Richard Nixon to Iran in 1972, during which Iran was offered the latest in American military technology, the IIAF selected and initiated acquisition of the F-14 Tomcat, but offered McDonnell Douglas the chance to demonstrate its F-15 Eagle.[5] The US Navy and Grumman Corporation arranged competitive demonstrations of the Eagle and the Tomcat at Andrews AFB for the Shah and high-ranking officers, and in January 1974 Iran placed an order for 30 F-14s and 424 AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, initiating Project Persian King, worth US$300 million. A few months later, this order was increased to a total of 80 Tomcats and 714 Phoenix missiles as well as spare parts and replacement engines for 10 years, complete armament package, and support infrastructure (including construction of the Khatami Air Base near Isfahan).

The first F-14 arrived in January 1976, modified only by the removal of classified avionics components, but fitted with the TF-30-414 engines. The following year 12 more were delivered. Meanwhile, training of the first groups of Iranian crews by the U.S. Navy was underway in the US; one of these conducted a successful shoot-down with a Phoenix missile of a target drone flying at 50,000 ft (15 km).

Following the overthrow of the Shah in 1979, the air force was renamed the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) and the post-revolution Interim Government of Iran canceled most Western arms orders. In 1980, an Iranian F-14 shot down an Iraqi Mil Mi-25 helicopter for its first air-to-air kill during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988).[2] According to research by Tom Cooper, Iranian F-14s scored at least 50 air-to-air victories in the first six months of the war against Iraqi MiG-21s, MiG-23s, and some Su-20s/22s. During the same period, only one Iranian F-14 suffered damage after being hit by debris from a nearby MiG-21 that exploded.[6]

Iranian Tomcats were originally used as an early-warning platform assisting other less-sophisticated aircraft with targeting and defense. They were also crucial to the defense of areas deemed vital by the Iranian government, such as oil terminals on Kharg Island and industrial infrastructure in the capital Tehran. Many of these patrols had the support of Boeing 707-3J9C in-flight refueling tankers. As fighting escalated between 1982 and 1986, the F-14s gradually became more involved in the battle. They performed well, but their primary role was to intimidate the Iraqi Air Force and avoid heavy engagement to protect the fleet's numbers. Their presence was often enough to drive away opposing Iraqi fighters. The precision and effectiveness of the Tomcat's AWG-9 weapons system and AIM-54A Phoenix long-range air-to-air missiles enabled the F-14 to maintain air superiority.[6][7] In December 1980, an Iraqi MiG-21bis accounted for the only confirmed kill of an F-14 by that type of aircraft.[8] On 11 August 1984, a MiG-23ML shot down an F-14A using an R-60 missile.[8] On 2 September 1986, a MiG-23ML mistakenly shot down an F-14 that was defecting to Iraq with an R-24T missile.[9] In another engagement, a MiG-23ML shot down another F-14A on 17 January 1987.[8]

 
Iranian ace Jalil Zandi is credited with shooting down 11 Iraqi aircraft during the Iran–Iraq War, making him the highest scoring F-14 pilot.[10]

Iraq also obtained Mirage F.1EQ fighters from France in 1981, armed with Super530F and Magic Mk.2 air-to-air missiles. The Mirage F.1 fighters were eventually responsible for four confirmed F-14 kills.[11] The IRIAF attempted to keep 60 F-14s operational throughout the war, but reports indicate this number was reduced to 30 by 1986 with only half fully mission-capable.[6][12]

Based on research by Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop, Iranian claimed their F-14s shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the Iran–Iraq War, including 58 MiG-23s (15 of these are confirmed according to Cooper), 33 Mirage F1s, 23 MiG-21s, 23 Su-20s/22s, nine MiG-25s (one of these are confirmed according to Iraqi), five Tu-22s, two MiG-27s, one Mil Mi-24, one Dassault Mirage 5, one B-6D, one Aérospatiale Super Frelon, and two unidentified aircraft. Despite the circumstances the F-14s and their crews faced during the war against Iraq – lacking support from AWACS, AEW aircraft, and Ground Control Intercept (GCI) – the F-14 proved to be successful in combat. It achieved this in the midst of a confrontation with an enemy that was constantly upgrading its capabilities and receiving support from three major countries – France, the US, and the USSR. Part of the success is attributed to the resilient Iranian economy and IRIAF personnel.[2][6]

While Iraq's army claimed it shot down more than 70 F-14s, the Foreign Broadcast Information System in Washington DC estimated that Iran lost 12 to 16 F-14 during the war. Cooper writes three F-14 were shot down by Iraqi pilots and four by Iranian surface-to-air missiles (SAM). Two more Tomcats were lost in unknown circumstances during the battle, and seven crashed due to technical failure or accidents.[13] During the war, the Iranian Air Force F-14s suffered 9 confirmed losses, one lost due to engine stall, one in unknown conditions, two by Iranian Hawk SAMs, two by MIG-23s and three were shot down by Mirage F-1EQs. There are also unconfirmed reports of the downing of 10 more Tomcats.[14]

On 31 August 1986, an Iranian F-14A armed with at least one AIM-54A missile defected to Iraq. Then again on 2 September 1986 another Iranian F-14A defected to Iraq.[15][16] In addition, one or more of Iran's F-14A was delivered to the Soviet Union in exchange for technical assistance; at least one of its crew defected to the Soviet Union.[17]

On 24 July 2002, an Iranian F-14A confronted two Azerbaijani MiG-25s that were threatening an Iranian P-3F, securing a radar lock on one of the MiGs, which then turned away, during tensions over attempts by Azerbaijan to survey for oil in Iranian waters in the Caspian Sea.[18]

Iran had an estimated 44 F-14s in 2009 according to Combat Aircraft.[19] Aviation Week estimated it had 19 operational F-14s in January 2013,[20] and Flight Global estimated that 28 were in service in 2014.[21]

 
Formation flight of Iranian Tomcats, 2008

Following the US Navy's retirement of its Tomcats in 2006, Iran sought to purchase spare parts for its aircraft.[22] In January 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that sales of spare F-14 parts would be suspended over concerns of the parts ending up in Iran.[23] In July 2007, the remaining American F-14s were shredded to ensure that any parts could not be acquired.[24] Despite these measures, Iran managed to significantly increase its stocks of spare parts, increasing the number of airworthy Tomcats, although as it did not manage to obtain spare parts for the aircraft's weapon systems, the number of combat ready Tomcats was still low (seven in 2008).[25] In 2010, Iran requested that the U.S. deliver the 80th F-14 that it had purchased in 1974 but never received due to the Islamic Revolution.[26][27] In October 2010, an Iranian Air Force commander claimed that the country overhauls and optimizes different types of military aircraft, mentioning their Air Force has installed Iran-made radar systems on the F-14.[28] In 2012, the Iranian Air Force's Mehrabad Overhaul Center delivered an F-14 with upgraded weapon systems with locally sourced components, designated F-14AM.[29] Shortages of Phoenix missiles led to attempts to integrate the Russian R-27 semi-active radar-guided missile, but these proved unsuccessful. An alternative was the use of modified MIM-23 Hawk missiles to replace the Tomcat's Phoenixes and Sparrows, but as the Tomcat could only carry two Hawks, this project was also abandoned, and the Fakour-90 missile, which used the guidance system of the Hawk packaged into the airframe of the Phoenix, launched. Pre-production Fakour-90s were delivered in 2017, and a production order for 100 missiles (now designated AIM-23B) was placed in 2018, intending to replace the F-14s AIM-7E Sparrow missiles.[30]

On 26 January 2012, an Iranian F-14 crashed three minutes after takeoff. Both crew members were killed.[31]

In November 2015, Iranian F-14s had been reported flying escort for Russian Tu-95 bombers on air strikes in Syria against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[32]


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Operators

 
F-14 Tomcat operators as of 2014 (former operators in red)
 
An IRIAF F-14 Tomcat landing at Mehrabad, Iran.
 
F-14A Tomcat of NFWS (TOPGUN) NAS Miramar c. 1993
 
Front view of an F-14A at Yokota Air Base, Tokyo, Japan, 2003
 
F-14A BuNo 162689 at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda, California, 2009
  إيران
  • Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
    • 72nd TFS: F-14A, 1976–1985
    • 73rd TFS: F-14A, 1977–1985
    • 81st TFS: F-14A, 1977–present
    • 82nd TFS: F-14A, 1978–present
    • 83rd Tomcat Flight School: F-14A, 1978–1979
    • 83rd TFS: F-14A, renamed former 62nd TFS[33]

Former operators

  الولايات المتحدة
  • United States Navy operated F-14 from 1974 to 2006
    • Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) (Merged with Strike University (Strike U) to form Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) 1996)
      • VF-126 Bandits (Disestablished 1 April 1994)
    • VF-1 Wolfpack (Disestablished 30 September 1993)
    • VF-2 Bounty Hunters (Pacific Fleet through 1996, Atlantic Fleet 1996–2003, Pacific Fleet 2003–present; redesignated VFA-2 with F/A-18F, 1 July 2003)
    • VF-11 Red Rippers (Redesignated to VFA-11 with F/A-18F, May 2005)
    • VF-14 Tophatters (Redesignated VFA-14 with F/A-18E, 1 December 2001, and transferred to Pacific Fleet, 2002)
    • VF-21 Freelancers (Disestablished 31 January 1996)
    • VF-24 Fighting Renegades (Disestablished 20 August 1996)
    • VF-31 Tomcatters (Redesignated VFA-31 with F/A-18E, October 2006)
    • VF-32 Swordsmen (Redesignated VFA-32 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2005)
    • VF-33 Starfighters (Disestablished 1 October 1993)
    • VF-41 Black Aces (Redesignated VFA-41 with F/A-18F, 1 December 2001)
    • VF-51 Screaming Eagles (Disestablished 31 March 1995)
    • VF-74 Bedevilers (Disestablished 30 April 1994)
    • VF-84 Jolly Rogers (Disestablished 1 October 1995; squadron heritage and nickname transferred to VF-103)
    • VF-102 Diamondbacks (Redesignated VFA-102 with F/A-18F, 1 May 2002, and transferred to Pacific Fleet)
    • VF-103 Sluggers/Jolly Rogers (Redesignated VFA-103 with F/A-18F, 1 May 2005)
    • VF-111 Sundowners (Disestablished 31 March 1995; squadron heritage and nickname adopted by VFC-111)
    • VF-114 Aardvarks (Disestablished 30 April 1993)
    • VF-142 Ghostriders (Disestablished 30 April 1995)
    • VF-143 Pukin' Dogs (Redesignated VFA-143 with F/A-18E, early 2005)
    • VF-154 Black Knights (Redesignated VFA-154 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2003)
    • VF-191 Satan's Kittens (Disestablished 30 April 1988)
    • VF-194 Red Lightnings (Disestablished 30 April 1988)
    • VF-211 Fighting Checkmates (Pacific Fleet through 1996, then transferred to Atlantic Fleet; redesignated VFA-211 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2004)
    • VF-213 Black Lions (Pacific Fleet through 1996, then transferred to Atlantic Fleet; redesignated VFA-213 with F/A-18F, May 2006)
  • Naval Air Systems Command Test and Evaluation Squadrons
    • VX-4 Evaluators (Disestablished 30 September 1994 and merged into VX-5 to form VX-9)
    • VX-9 Vampires (Currently operates F/A-18C/D/E/F, EA-18G, F-35C, EA-6B, AV-8B, AH-1 and UH-1)
    • VX-23 Salty Dogs (Currently operates F/A-18A+/B/C/D/E/F, EA-6B, EA-18G, F-35C and T-45)
    • VX-30 Bloodhounds (Currently operates P-3, C-130, S-3)
  • Fleet Replacement Squadrons
    • VF-101 Grim Reapers; Atlantic Fleet, then sole single-site, F-14 FRS (Disestablished 15 September 2005; squadron heritage and nickname adopted by VFA-101, an F-35C Fleet Replacement Squadron established in May 2012. VFA-101 itself would be disestablished 23 May 2019)[34][35]
    • VF-124 Gunfighters; Pacific Fleet F-14 FRS
      • (Disestablished 30 September 1994)
  • Naval Air Force Reserve Squadrons
    • VF-201 Hunters (Redesignated VFA-201 and reequipped with F/A-18A+ on 1 January 1999; disestablished 30 June 2007)
    • VF-202 Superheats (Disestablished 31 December 1994)
    • VF-301 Devil's Disciples (Disestablished 11 September 1994)
    • VF-302 Stallions (Disestablished 11 September 1994)
  • Naval Air Force Reserve Squadron Augmentation Units (SAUs)
    • VF-1285 Fighting Fubijars (Disestablished September 1994); augmented VF-301 and VF-302
    • VF-1485 Americans (Disestablished September 1994); augmented VF-124
    • VF-1486 Fighting Hobos (Disestablished September 2005); augmented VF-101
  • NASA operated a single F-14 #834 at Dryden Flight Research Center in 1986 and 1987 in a program known as the Variable-Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE). This program explored laminar flow on variable sweep aircraft at high subsonic speeds.[36]

Aircraft on display

 
An F-14A on display at Grumman Memorial Park in New York
 
F-14A BuNo 160661 on display at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center's Aviation Challenge facility in Huntsville, Alabama, 2009
 
YF-14A at the Cradle of Aviation Museum
 
F-14B at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum
 
F-14A of VF-84 "Jolly Rogers" at the Museum of Flight

Notable F-14s preserved at museums and military installations include:

Bureau Number (BuNo) – Model – Location – Significance
F-14A
F-14B
F-14D(R)
F-14D


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Specifications (F-14D)

 
Grumman F-14 Tomcat drawings
 
F-14A of VF 111 "Sundowners" (USS Carl Vinson)
 
F-14B from the VF-211 Fighting Checkmates carrying six AIM-54 Phoenix missiles.

البيانات من U.S. Navy file,[1] Spick,[115] M.A.T.S.,[116] Flight International March 1985[117]

المواصفات العامة

  • الطاقم: 2 (Pilot and Radar Intercept Officer)
  • الطول: 62 ft 9 in (19.13 m)
  • الباع: 64 ft 1.5 in (19.545 m)
  • Swept wingspan: 38 ft 2.5 in (11.646 m) swept
  • الارتفاع: 16 ft (4.9 m)
  • مساحة الجناح: 565 sq ft (52.5 m2) wings only
    • 1,008 sq ft (94 m2) effective area including fuselage[118]
  • المنساب الهوائي:
    • Grumman (1.74)(35)9.6)-(1.1)(30)(1.1) root
    • Grumman (1.27)(30)(9.0)-(1.1)(40)(1.1) tip[119]
  • الوزن الفارغ: 43,735 lb (19,838 kg)
  • الوزن الإجمالي: 61,000 lb (27,669 kg)
  • وزن الإقلاع الأقصى: 74,350 lb (33,725 kg)
  • سعة الوقود: 16,200 lb (7,348 kg) internal fuel; 2 × optional 267 US gal (222 imp gal; 1,010 L) / 1,756 lb (797 kg) external tanks[115]
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F110-GE-400 afterburning turbofans, 16,610 lbf (73.9 kN) thrust each dry, 28,200 lbf (125 kN) with afterburner[N 1]

الأداء

  • السرعة القصوى: Mach 2.34 (1,544 mph, 2,485 km/h) at altitude
  • المدى: 1,600 nmi (1,800 mi, 3,000 km)
  • المدى القتالي: 500 nmi (580 mi, 930 km)
  • سقف الخدمة: 53,000 ft (16,000 m) plus
  • g limits: +7.5[N 2]
  • Rate of climb: 45,000 ft/min (230 m/s) plus
  • Wing loading: 96 lb/sq ft (470 kg/m2) [116]
    • 48 lb/sq ft (230 kg/m2) effective[118]
  • Thrust/weight: 0.92 at gross weight (1.07 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel)

Armament

Avionics

 
Tomcat logo

The Tomcat logo design came when Grumman's Director of Presentation Services, Dick Milligan, and one of his artists, Grumman employee Jim Rodriguez, were asked for a logo by Grumman's Director of Business Development and former Blue Angels No. 5 pilot, Norm Gandia.[123] Per Rodriguez, "He asked me to draw a lifelike Tomcat wearing boxing gloves and trunks sporting a six-shooter on his left side; where the guns are located on the F-14, along with two tails." The Cat was drawn up after a tabby cat was sourced and used for photographs, and named "Tom". The logo has gone through many variations, including one for the then–Imperial Iranian Air Force F-14, called "Ali-cat". The accompanying slogan "Anytime Baby!" was developed by Norm Gandia as a challenge to the U.S. Air Force's McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle.[123][124]

Notable appearances in media

المقالة الرئيسية: Aircraft in fiction § F-14 Tomcat

The Grumman F-14 Tomcat was central to the 1986 film Top Gun.[125][126][127] The aviation-themed film was such a success in creating interest in naval aviation that the US Navy, which assisted with the film, set up recruitment desks outside some theaters.[128] Producers paid the US Navy US$886٬000 ($1٬914٬550 in 2024) as reimbursement for flight time of aircraft in the film with an F-14 billed at US$7٬600 ($16٬423 in 2024) per flight hour.[129][130]

Two F-14As of VF-84 from the USS Nimitz were featured in the 1980 film The Final Countdown,[131] with four from the squadron in the 1996 release Executive Decision,[132] the Jolly Rogers' final film appearance before being disestablished. The military legal drama TV series JAG (1995–2005) featured lead character Harmon Rabb, a Tomcat pilot-turned-lawyer.[125]

Multiple F-14s are featured in the 2008 documentary "Speed and Angels", featuring the story of two young Navy recruits working to achieve their dream of becoming F-14 fighter pilots.[133]

See also

تطورات ذات صلة

طائرات شبيهة

قوائم ذات صلة

References

Notes

  1. ^ These figures are static, sea-level uninstalled thrust. Static, sea-level installed thrust is 13,800 lbf (61 kN) at military power and 23,600 lbf (105 kN) in full afterburner. At Mach 0.9 at sea-level, installed thrust is 30,200 lbf (134 kN) in full afterburner.[120]
  2. ^ The g limit was operationally limited by the U.S. Navy to +6.5 g to increase service life.
  3. ^ The hardpoints between nacelles include two on centerline plus four others next to nacelles. Points between nacelles can only carry a maximum of four missiles at one time. Each wing glove can carry one large pylon for larger missiles, with one rail on the outboard side of the pylon for a Sidewinder.

Citations

  1. ^ أ ب "F-14 Tomcat fighter fact file". United States Navy. 5 يوليو 2003. Archived from the original on 2 أبريل 2006. Retrieved 20 يناير 2007.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Cooper, Tom. Persian Cats: How Iranian air crews, cut off from U.S. technical support, used the F-14 against Iraqi attackers." Archived 30 أبريل 2012 at the Wayback Machine Air & Space Magazine, November 2006. Retrieved: 24 March 2012.
  3. ^ Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat, p. 84. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 84176 787 5.
  4. ^ Cenciotti, David (20 نوفمبر 2015). "Watch this video of Iranian F-14 Tomcats escorting a Russian Tu-95 bomber during air strike in Syria". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 8 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 8 أغسطس 2018.
  5. ^ Cooper, Tom and Bishop, Farzad, "Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat"
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad (16 سبتمبر 2003). "Persian 'Cats". Arabian Peninsula & Persian Gulf Database. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 4 فبراير 2012.
  7. ^ Axe, David (28 يونيو 2016). "Fact: Iran's Air Force Flies American-Made F-14 Tomcats". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 29 يونيو 2016. Retrieved 29 يونيو 2016.
  8. ^ أ ب ت "Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967 - www.acig.org". 19 ديسمبر 2016. Archived from the original on 19 ديسمبر 2016.
  9. ^ Leone, Dario (6 يوليو 2019). "That time an IrAF MiG-23ML mistakenly shot down an IRIAF F-14A that was defecting to Iraq". The Aviation Geek Club (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 19 نوفمبر 2020.
  10. ^ Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat, pp. 85–88. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 84176 787 5.
  11. ^ https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-story-of-the-giraffe-missions-and-how-iraf-mirage-f-1-fighter-bombers-were-able-to-shoot-down-four-iriaf-f-14-tomcats/
  12. ^ Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat, p. 70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 84176 787 5.
  13. ^ Cooper and Bishop, p. 84.
  14. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 يوليو 2009. Retrieved 23 سبتمبر 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-01-mn-12880-story.html
  16. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150710211447/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/iranian_f_4_phantom_losses.htm
  17. ^ F-14 Tomcat interceptors in Iran. Ivanov, Grigoriy, 2003
  18. ^ Taghvaee Air International March 2021, pp. 39–41.
  19. ^ Cooper, Tom and Liam Devlin. "Iranian Air Power Combat Aircraft". Combat Aircraft, Vol. 9 No. 6, January 2009.
  20. ^ "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2013 Aerospace Source Book. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 2013.
  21. ^ Hoyle, Craig (26 سبتمبر 2014). "Kings of the swingers: Top 13 swing-wing aircraft". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 27 سبتمبر 2014. Retrieved 27 سبتمبر 2014.
  22. ^ Taghvaee Air International September 2018, p. 58.
  23. ^ "US halts sale of F-14 jet parts." Archived 2 فبراير 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC News. Retrieved: 8 December 2009.
  24. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة shred
  25. ^ Taghvaee Air International September 2018, pp. 58–59.
  26. ^ "Iranian Air Force seeks return of F-14 bombers from U.S." Archived 2 سبتمبر 2010 at the Wayback Machine Tehran Times
  27. ^ Parsons, Gary. "Iran wants its F-14 back." Archived 8 مارس 2012 at the Wayback Machine AirForces Monthly, 5 August 2010.
  28. ^ "Iranian Air Force Equips F-14 Fighter Jets with Hi-Tech Radars." FARS News Agency, Iran, 5 January 2011. Retrieved: 9 September 2012.
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