المعرفة

معركة الخرطوم 2023

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The Battle of Khartoum is an ongoing battle for control of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), and the Sudanese Armed Forces. The battle began on 15 April 2023, after the RSF allegedly captured Khartoum International Airport, several military bases, and the presidential palace, starting a series of clashes which escalated into a conflict.

Battle of Khartoum
جزء من the 2023 Sudan conflict
التاريخ15 أبريل 2023 – خطأ: زمن غير صحيح. (2023-04-15 – خطأ: زمن غير صحيح.)
(1 سنة, 1 شهر و 5 يوم)
الموقع
Khartoum, Omdurman and Bahri, Khartoum State, Sudan[1][2][3]
الوضع

Ongoing

المتحاربون
Sudanese Armed Forces Rapid Support Forces
القادة والزعماء
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
الضحايا والخسائر
27 killed, 183 wounded [6][7] Unknown
100+ Sudanese civilians, 1 Indian civilian, 1 American civilian killed, 1 Iraqi civilian, 1 Egyptian civilian[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

It was initially reported that tensions rose in Khartoum and Merowe on 13 April 2023, when RSF forces mobilized.[16] In response, the Sudanese Armed Forces issued a statement saying "There is a possibility of confrontation between SAF and RSF forces" introducing fears of a wider conflict.[17] In the evening of 14 April 2023, RSF forces assaulted the Khartoum International Airport, a military base, and the presidential palace. The fighting spread from Khartoum into its suburbs, primarily Omdurman where its bridge on the White Nile was largely captured by the RSF forces.[18]

By the end of 21 April, there were 100 to 200 confirmed civilian deaths reported in Khartoum; some reported to be foreign, 1 Indian citizen and 1 American citizen, which was confirmed to be a Sudanese-American man travelling with his family.[19][20]

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Timeline

15 April 2023

 
The Khartoum International Airport where the first attacks were reported on 15 April 2023, currently occupied by the RSF forces.

In the early hours of the morning of 15 April 2023, RSF forces started a series of assaults on key buildings in Khartoum, primarily the Khartoum International Airport. During their attack on the airport, the RSF reportedly attacked a Saudi plane which was arriving at the airport, but no casualties have been reported among the passengers and crew.[21][22] The RSF also captured the presidential palace, the residence of the former Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, and attacked a military base.[23][24] Users on Facebook Live and Twitter documented the Sudanese Air Force flying above the city, and striking the RSF targets;[25] Several aerial attacks towards the RSF targets were conducted by the Sudanese Armed Forces. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, commander of the RSF, claimed that the RSF controlled most of the city's government buildings; however, this was disputed by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the de facto leader of the Sudanese government.[26]

16 April 2023

On 16 April 2023, the Armed Forces claimed to have re-captured the presidential palace; this was disputed by the RSF, who posted a video on Twitter of their continued presence in the palace amidst ongoing fighting. The RSF also disputed claims that several buildings had been captured by the Armed Forces.[27] Al Jazeera and Outlook India also reported large-scale combat in Omdurman, the sister city of Khartoum.[28] The World Food Programme also declared its withdrawal from Khartoum, due to the deaths of three WFP staffers during the fighting in the city.[29]

17 April 2023

On 17 April 2023, the Sudanese government announced the closure of Sudan's entire airspace, initially limited solely to that of Khartoum.[30][31] Aidan O'Hara, the European Union ambassador to Sudan, was assaulted at his Khartoum home where he had been sheltering.[32] The EU declared the attack, "a gross violation of the 1961 Vienna Convention."[33] General al-Burhan declared the Rapid Support Forces a "rebel group," and ordered their nationwide dissolution.[34] RSF forces also besieged and shelled a large hospital in the city.[35][36]

18 April 2023

As a ceasefire was announced to begin later in the day, heavy fighting in Khartoum continued with warplanes flying through the capital, launching strikes against what appeared to be RSF targets.[37] The RSF used air defense systems and heavy artillery to repel the attacks. Reporters said armed personnel had entered several hospitals in Khartoum. Medical facilities have also reported a shortage of medical personnel, electricity and water.[38]

19 April 2023

Battles continued in Khartoum near the army headquarters, the presidential palace and the airport, with heavy weapons used. The Sudanese Army said it was attacked by the RSF at its general command headquarters, but had repelled the attack, inflicting "heavy losses" on the RSF, which had reportedly abandoned 24 land cruisers, and calling on them to surrender, promising pardons to members who did so.[39][40] Observers determined that the army was controlling access to Khartoum and trying to cut off supply routes to RSF fighters. Witnesses said the army reinforcements were brought in from near the eastern border with Ethiopia.[41][42]

When another ceasefire was announced to begin at 6:00 PM local time,[43] fighting was reported to have mostly subsided around Khartoum airport, but continued to be intense around the Presidential Palace, Army Headquarters and in the Jabra neighborhood in western Khartoum, where houses belonging to RSF leader Dagalo and his family were located. Fighting was reported to have continued several minutes after the start of the ceasefire.[44]

20 April 2023

The RSF said it repelled a Sudanese Armed Forces attack on its positions in Omdurman in the morning despite an ongoing ceasefire, shooting down two helicopters in the process. RSF forces approaching Khartoum were reportedly blocked by Sudanese Armed Forces air and ground forces.[45] Thousands of Khartoum civilians were reported to have left the city, mainly for Chad where an estimated 20,000 refugees from all over the country were reported to have crossed into.[46]

21 April 2023

Multiple casualty reports have surfaced. During the clashes in Al-Obeid and Khartoum, at least three civilians were killed and dozens were injured.[47] A statement by the Sudanese Medical Committee said that two civilians were killed at Khartoum airport and another man was shot dead in North Kordofan state.[48] On the same day a Eid al-Fitr ceasefire was declared by both armies after a number of countries had proposed so,[49][50][51] The ceasefire was reported to have been broken after street battles were reported, [52][53][54] Several attacks were also reported in Khartoum North (Bahri) by Al Jazeera expanding the battle even further.[55]

22 April 2023

Clashes continued into 22 April, and indiscriminate shelling was reported in the Ombada and Karari neighborhoods of Khartoum. Fighting spread out of the heart of the capital, into the neighborhoods of Hillat Hamad, Khojaly, and Arkaweet. The SAF was reportedly preparing for intensified urban warfare in Khartoum.[56] The RSF claimed to have SAF attacks on its positions in Bahri (also known as Khartoum North), supposedly killing dozens.[57] Heavy fighting was also reported near the presidential palace and airport, evacuations of several diplomats and nationals from several different countries were made in Khartoum.[58][59][60]

23 April 2023

Clashes and explosions occurred around the military headquarters and presidential palace in Khartoum,[61] amid reports of evacuation efforts of foreign diplomats including France, which their convoy was shot at and had to turn back to their embassy.[62] Sudan also reported internet outage all across the country worsening the humanitarian crisis.[63]

Humanitarian impact

Civilian evacuations and warnings

Hours after the clashes began, evacuation orders were issued for civilians, politicians, and embassy workers.[64] The US Embassy in Sudan urged US citizens in Sudan to seek shelter, as no plan of evacuation had been detailed.[65] The Sudanese Air Force advised the millions of citizens to seek shelter immediately or stay at home.[66] On 16 April 2023, a water crisis emerged in Khartoum, which worsened after the RSF urged civilians to evacuate the city.[67] On 21 April, Indonesia evacuated 43 of its citizens to its embassy in Khartoum after an Indonesian citizen was injured by a bullet.[68]

On 23 April, the United States managed to evacuate fewer than 100 of its citizens from Khartoum by three Chinook helicopters which landed near the US embassy. The operation included 100 US troops from the Navy Seals and Army Special Forces who flew from Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti to Ethiopia and then into Sudan.[62] On the same day, the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines announced the suspension of all flights to Sudan to ensure the safety of its citizens and raised alerts to level 3 after a Filipino had been hit by a stray bullet in Khartoum.[69] The Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation was used as shelter for civilians.[70]


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Civilian deaths

As of 16 April 2023, at least 45 deaths had been reported in Khartoum.[71] Two Sudanese civilians at Khartoum International Airport were among the first reported,[72] with 38 more deaths later reported during clashes in the city.[73]

الهوامش

المصادر

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