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مسرد مصطلحات الكيمياء

مسرد مصطلحات الكيمياء



Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z — انظر أيضا

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A

 
An atom, with protons, neutrons, and electrons labelled.
  • صفر مطلق - a theoretical condition concerning a system at zero Kelvin where a system does not emit or absorb energy (all atoms are at rest)
  • accuracy - how close a value is to the actual or true value; also see precision
  • حمض - a compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a pH of less than 7.0 or a compound that donates a hydrogen ion
  • acid anhydride - a compound with two acyl groups bound to a single oxygen atom
  • acid dissociation constant - an equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a weak acid
  • actinides - the fifteen chemical elements that are between actinium (89) and lawrencium (103)
  • activated complex - a structure that forms because of a collision between molecules while new bonds are formed
  • addition reaction - within organic chemistry, when two or more molecules combine to make a larger one
  • aeration - the mixing of air into a liquid or solid
  • alkali metals - the metals of Group 1 on the periodic table
  • alkaline earth metals - the metals of Group 2 on the periodic table
  • allomer - a substance that has different composition than another, but has the same crystalline structure
  • allotropy - elements that can have different structures (and therefore different forms), such as Carbon (diamonds, graphite, and fullerene)
  • anion - negatively charge ions
  • ذرة atom - a chemical element in its smallest form, and is made up of neutrons and protons within the nucleus and electrons circling the nucleus
  • رقم ذري - the number representing an element which corresponds with the number of protons within the nucleus
  • atomic orbital - the region where the electron of the atom may be found


B

C

 
An example of combustion

D

  • deionization - the removal of ions, and in water's case mineral ions such as sodium, iron and calcium
  • deliquescence - substances that absorb water from the atmosphere to form liquid solutions
  • deposition - settling of particles within a solution or mixture
  • dipole - electric or magnetic separation of charge
  • dipole moment - the polarity of a polar covalent bond
  • dissolution or solvation - the spread of ions in a solvent
  • double bond - sharing of two pairs of electrons

E

 
Microcentrifuge or Eppendorf tube with Coomassie Blue solution
  • earth metal - see alkaline earth metal
  • electrolyte - a solution that conducts a certain amount of current and can be split categorically as weak and strong electrlytes
  • electrochemical cell - using a chemical reaction's current, electromotive force is made
  • electromagnetic radiation - a type of wave that can go through vacuums as well as material and classified as a self-propagating wave
  • electromagnetism - fields that have electric charge and electric properties that change the way that particles move and interact
  • electromotive force - a device that gains energy as electric charges pass through it
  • electron - a subatomic particle with a net charge that is negative
  • electron shells - an orbital around the atom's nucleus that has a fixed number electrons (usually two or eight)
  • electric charge - a measured property (coulombs) that determine electromagnetic interaction
  • element - an atom that is defined by its atomic number
  • energy - A system's ability to do work
  • entropy - the amount of energy not available for work in a closed thermodynamic system (usually symbolized as S)
  • enzyme - a protein that speeds up (catalyses) a reaction
  • eppendorf tube - generalized and trademarked term used for a type of tube; see microcentrifuge

F

It represents 1 mol of electrons, or the Avogadro number of electrons: 6.022 × 1023 electrons. F = 96 485.339 9(24) C/mol
  • Faraday's law of electrolysis - a two part law that Michael Faraday published about electrolysis
    • the mass of a substance altered at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity transferred at that electrode
    • the mass of an elemental material altered at an electrode is directly proportional to the element's equivalent weight.
  • frequency - number of cycles per unit of time. Unit: 1 hertz = 1 cycle per 1 second

G

  • galvanic cell - battery made up of electrochemical with two different metals connected by salt bridge
  • gas - particles that fill their container though have no definite shape or volume
  • geochemistry - the chemistry of and chemical composition of the Earth

H

  • halogens - Group 17 on the Periodic Table and are all non-metals

I

  • inorganic compound - compounds that do not contain carbon, though there are exceptions (see main article)
  • inorganic chemistry - a part of chemistry concerned with inorganic compounds
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) -
  • insulator - material that resists the flow of electric current
  • ion - a molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
  • ionic bond - electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
  • ionization -The breaking up of a compound into separate ions.

K

  • kinetic energy -

L

M

 
This is a molecule, which is one of the key components within chemistry


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N

  • neutron - a neutral unit or subatomic particle that has no net charge
  • neutrino - a particle that can travel at speeds close to the speed of light and are created as a result of radioactive decay
  • nucleus - the centre of an atom made up of neutrons and protons, with a net positive charge
  • noble gases - group 18 elements, those whose outer electron shell is filled
  • non-metal - an element which is not metallic
  • nuclear - of or pertaining to the atomic nucleus
  • number density – a measure of concentration of countable objects (atoms, molecules, etc.) in space; number per volume

O

P

Q

R

  • radiation - energy in the form of waves or subatomic particles when there is a change from high energy to low energy states
  • radioactive decay - the process of an unstable atomic nucleus losing energy by emitting radiation

S

  • s-block elements - Group 1 and 2 elements (alkali and alkaline metals), which includes Hydrogen and Helium
  • salts - ionic compounds composed of anions and cations
  • salt bridge - devices used to connection reduction with oxidation half-cells in an electrochemical cell
  • saline solution - general term for NaCl in water
  • Schrödinger equation - quantum state equation which represents the behaviour of an election around an atom
  • semiconductor - an electrically conductive solid that is between a conductor and an insulator
  • single bond - sharing of one pair of electrons
  • sol - a suspension of solid particles in liquid. Artificial examples include sol-gels.
  • solid - one of the states of matter, where the molecules are packed close together, there is a resistance of movement/deformation and volume change; see Young's modulus
  • solute - the part of the solution that is mixed into the solvent (NaCl in saline water)
  • solution - homogeneous mixture made up of multiple substances. It is made up of solutes and solvents.
  • solvent - the part of the solution that dissolves the solute (H2O in saline water)
  • spectroscopy - study of radiation and matter, such as X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy
  • speed of light - the speed of anything that has zero rest mass (Energyrest = mc² where m is the mass and c is the speed of light)
  • Standard conditions for temperature and pressure or SATP - a standardisation used in order compare experimental results (25 °C and 100.000 kPa)
  • state of matter - matter having a homogeneous, macroscopic phase; gas, plasma, liquid, and solid are the most well known (in increasing concentration)
  • sublimation - a phase transition from solid to gas
  • subatomic particles - particles that are smaller than an atom; examples are protons, neutrons and electrons
  • substance - material with definite chemical composition

T

 
Phase diagram showing the triple and critical points of a substance
  • talc - a mineral representing the one on the Mohs Scale and composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
  • temperature - the average energy of microscopic motions of particles
  • theoretical yield - see yield
  • theory - a model describing the nature of a phenomenon
  • thermal conductivity - a property of a material to conduct heat (often noted as  )
  • thermochemistry - the study of absorption/release of heat within a chemical reaction
  • thermodynamics - the study of the effects of changing temperature, volume or pressure (or work, heat, and energy) on a macroscopic scale
  • thermodynamic stability - when a system is in its lowest energy state with its environment (equilibrium)
  • thermometer - device that measures the average energy of a system
  • titration - the process of titrating one solution with another, also called volumetric analysis
  • torr - a unit to measure pressure (1 Torr is equivalent to 133.322 Pa or 1.3158×10−3 atm
  • transition metal - elements that have incomplete d sub-shells, but also may be referred to as the d-block elements
  • triple bond - the sharing of three pairs of electrons within a covalent bond (example N2)
  • triple point - the place where temperature and pressure of three phases are the same (Water has a special phase diagram)
  • Tyndall effect - the effect of light scattering by colloidal (mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly through another) or suspended particles

U

  • UN number - a four digit code used to note hazardous and flammable substances
  • uncertainty - a characteristic that any measurement that involves estimation of any amount cannot be exactly reproducible
  • Uncertainty principle - knowing the location of a particle makes the momentum uncertain, while knowing the momentum of a particle makes the location uncertain
  • unit cell - the smallest repeating unit of a lattice
  • unit factor - statements used in converting between units
  • universal or ideal gas constant - proportionality constant in the ideal gas law (0.08206 L·atm/(K·mol))

V

  • valence electron - the outermost electrons of an atom, which are located in electron shells
  • Valence bond theory - a theory explaining the chemical bonding within molecules by discussing valencies, the number of chemical bonds formed by an atom
  • van der Waals force - one of the forces (attraction/repulsion) between molecules
  • van 't Hoff factor - ratio of moles of particles in solution to moles of solute dissolved
  • vapor - when a substance is below the critical temperature while in the gas phase
  • vapour pressure - pressure of vapour over a liquid at equilibrium
  • vaporization - phase change from liquid to gas
  • viscosity - the resistance of a liquid to flow (oil)
  • volt - one joule of work per coulomb - the unit of electrical potential transferred
  • voltmeter - instrument that measures the cell potential
  • volumetric analysis - see titration

W

  • water - H2O - a chemical substance, a major part of cells and Earth, and covalently bonded
  • wave function - a function describing the electron's position in a three dimensional space
  • work - the amount of force over distance and is in terms of joules (energy)

X

  • X-ray - form of ionizing, electromagnetic radiation, between gamma and UV rays
  • X-ray diffraction - a method for establishing structures of crystalline solids using singe wavelength X-rays and looking at diffraction pattern
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - a spectroscopic technique to measure composition of a material


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Y

  • yield - the amount of product produced during a chemical reaction

Z

  • zone melting - a way to remove impurities from an element by melting it and slowly travel down an ingot (cast)

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