اللغة البورمية

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين بورمسو (لغة) في غينيا الجديدة.

اللغة البورمية (Burmese language ؛ بالبورمية: မြန်မာဘာသာcode: my is deprecated , MLCTS: mranmabhasa, IPA: [mjəmà bàðà]) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar where it is an official language and the language of the Bamar people, the country's principal ethnic group. Although the Constitution of Myanmar officially recognizes the English name of the language as the Myanmar language, most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese, after Burma, the older name for Myanmar. In 2007, it was spoken as a first language by 33 million, primarily the Bamar (Burman) people and related ethnic groups, and as a second language by 10 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Myanmar and neighboring countries. In 2014 the Burmese population was 36.39 million, and has been estimated at 38.2 million as of April 2020.

البورمية Burmese
لغة ميانمار
မြန်မာစာcode: my is deprecated (البورمية المكتوبة) မြန်မာစကားcode: my is deprecated (البورمية المحكية)
النطق	IPA:[mjəmàzà] [mjəmà zəɡá]
موطنها	ميانمار
العرق	Bamar
الناطقون الأصليون	33 مليون (2007)ne2007 Second language: 10 million (no date)
عائلة اللغات	الصينية-التبتية Lolo-Burmese البورماوية البورمية Burmese
الصيغ المبكرة	البورمية القديمة البورمية الوسيطة
نظام الكتابة	الأبجدية البورمية برايل البورمية
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	ميانمار آسيان
ينظمها	مفوضية اللغة بميانمار
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-1	my
ISO 639-2	bur (B) mya (T)
ISO 639-3	mya – inclusive code Individual codes: int – Intha tvn – Tavoyan dialects tco – Taungyo dialects rki – Rakhine language ("Rakhine") rmz – Marma ("မရမာ")
Glottolog	nucl1310
Linguasphere	77-AAA-a

Burmese is a tonal, pitch-register, and syllable-timed language, largely monosyllabic and analytic, with a subject–object–verb word order. It is a member of the Lolo-Burmese grouping of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Burmese alphabet is ultimately descended from a Brahmic script, either Kadamba or Pallava.

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التصنيف

Burmese belongs to the Southern Burmish branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, of which Burmese is the most widely spoken of the non-Sinitic languages. Burmese was the fifth of the Sino-Tibetan languages to develop a writing system, after Chinese characters, the Pyu script, the Tibetan alphabet and the Tangut script.

اللهجات

The majority of Burmese speakers, who live throughout the Irrawaddy River Valley, use a number of largely similar dialects, while a minority speak non-standard dialects found in the peripheral areas of the country. These dialects include:

• Tanintharyi Region: Merguese (Myeik, Beik), Tavoyan (Dawei), and Palaw
• Magway Region: Yaw
• Shan State: Intha, Taungyo and Danu

Arakanese (Rakhine) in Rakhine State and Marma in Bangladesh are also sometimes considered dialects of Burmese and sometimes as separate languages.

Despite vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is mutual intelligibility among Burmese dialects, as they share a common set of tones, consonant clusters, and written script. However, several Burmese dialects differ substantially from standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes.

التاريخ

The Burmese language's early forms include Old Burmese and Middle Burmese. Old Burmese dates from the 11th to the 16th century (Pagan to Ava dynasties); Middle Burmese from the 16th to the 18th century (Toungoo to early Konbaung dynasties); modern Burmese from the mid-18th century to the present. Word order, grammatical structure and vocabulary have remained markedly stable well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g., function words).

البورمية القديمة

المقالة الرئيسية: البورمية القديمة

نقش ميازدي، العائد إلى سنة 1113 م، هو أقدم نقش صخري باقي باللغة البورمية.

الصوتيات

المقالة الرئيسية: صوتيات البورمية

The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

الصوامت

The consonants of Burmese are as follows:

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-al. /Palatal	Velar	Laryngeal
Nasal	voiced	m		n	ɲ	ŋ
	voiceless	m̥		n̥	ɲ̊	ŋ̊
Stop	Voiced	b		d	dʒ	ɡ
	plain	p		t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
Fricative	voiced		ð ([d̪ð~d̪])	z
	voiceless		θ ([t̪θ~t̪])	s	ʃ
	aspirated			sʰ			h
Approximant	voiced			l	j	w
	voiceless			l̥		ʍ

According to Jenny & San San Hnin Tun (2016:15), contrary to their use of symbols θ and ð, consonants of သcode: my is deprecated are dental stops (/t̪, d̪/), rather than fricatives (/θ, ð/) or affricates.

An alveolar /ɹ/ can occur as an alternate of /j/ in some loanwords.

الصوائت

صوائت البورمية هي:

Vowel phonemes

	Monophthongs			Diphthongs
	Front	Central	Back	Front offglide	Back offglide
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o	ei	ou
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a		ai	au

المراجع

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ببليوگرافيا

• Becker, Alton L. (1984). "Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb". In E. M. Bruner (ed.). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. pp. 135–55.
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وصلات خارجية

• Burmese phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Omniglot: Burmese Language
• Learn Burmese online
• Online Burmese lessons
• Burmese language resources from SOAS
• "E-books for children with narration in Burmese". Unite for Literacy library. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
• Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
• Myanmar 3 font and keyboard
• Burmese online dictionary (Unicode)
• Ayar Myanmar online dictionary
• Myanmar unicode character table
• Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip Ka Naung Converter Engine