المعرفة

ساماريندا

ساماريندا Samarinda هي عاصمة of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The city lies on the banks of the Mahakam River with a land area of 718 km2 (277 sq mi). Samarinda ranks first on East Borneo Human Development Index[6] and it is the most populous city on the entire Borneo island, with a population of 727,500 at the 2010 Census[7] and 827,994 at the 2020 Census.[8]

ساماريندا
Samarinda
مدينة
City of Samarinda
Kota Samarinda
From top, left to right: Grand Barumbay Resort, Official government building, Entrance of East Kalimantan main stadium, Lembuswana sculpture (Lembuswana is a legendary creature appearing in Kutai mythology of Samarinda), Catholic Archdiocese of Samarinda Building, Vihara Eka Dharma Manggala, and Samarinda Islamic Center Mosque.
From top, left to right:
Grand Barumbay Resort, Official government building, Entrance of East Kalimantan main stadium, Lembuswana sculpture (Lembuswana is a legendary creature appearing in Kutai mythology of Samarinda), Catholic Archdiocese of Samarinda Building, Vihara Eka Dharma Manggala, and Samarinda Islamic Center Mosque.
علم ساماريندا
Flag
درع ساماريندا
Coat of arms
الشعار: 
Samarinda Kota Tepian
النشيد: "March of Kota Tepian"
Location within East Kalimantan
Location within East Kalimantan
ساماريندا is located in Kalimantan
ساماريندا
ساماريندا
Location in Kalimantan and Indonesia
ساماريندا is located in إندونيسيا
ساماريندا
ساماريندا
ساماريندا (إندونيسيا)
الإحداثيات: 0°29′59.874″S 117°8′15.9324″E / 0.49996500°S 117.137759000°E / -0.49996500; 117.137759000Coordinates: 0°29′59.874″S 117°8′15.9324″E / 0.49996500°S 117.137759000°E / -0.49996500; 117.137759000
CountryIndonesia
Provinceقالب:Country data East Kalimantan
Founded1668
الحكومة
 • MayorAndi Harun
 • Deputy MayorRusmadi Wongso
 • Legislative PresidentSugiyono
 • Chief JusticeHongkun Otoh
المساحة
 • الإجمالي718٫00 كم² (277 ميل²)
المنسوب
8 m (26 ft)
أعلى منسوب
[1][2][3] (Puncak Samarinda)
260 m (850 ft)
التعداد
 • Estimate 
(2020 Census)
827٬994
 • الترتيب(19th)
 • الكثافة1٬153/km2 (2٬990/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Religion[5]Islam 90.93%
Protestantism 5.25%
Catholic 2.12%
Buddhism 0.86%
Hinduism 0.12%
Confucianism 0.08%
Others 0.01%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (WITA)
مفتاح الهاتف+62541
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Drives on theleft

Samarinda is East Borneo's largest exporter[9] and fifth-largest importer.[10] The city has the highest number of bank headquarters in East Borneo.[11]

In the first half of 2021, Samarinda Harbour became the busiest passenger port in East Borneo.[12] The container port in Samarinda is also the busiest in East Borneo, handled more than 271 thousand twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in 2019.[13][14]

Samarinda is known for its traditional food amplang, as well as the cloth sarung samarinda.[15] By 2021, The city has 3 bridge connecting its river banks, Mahakam I Bridge, Mahakam II Bridge and Mahkota II Bridge. The city center is on one side and the other side is named Samarinda Seberang.

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أصل الاسم

The name Samarinda originates from the description of the way in which the Bugis houses were constructed. At that time houses were customarily built on a raft and generally had the same height. This provided important social symbolism of equality between residents; no person's house, and thus no person, was seen as higher or lower than another. They named the settlement “Samarenda”, meaning “equally low”. After hundreds of years of use the pronunciation of the name changed slightly and the city became known as Samarinda.[16]


التاريخ

At the start of the Gowa War, the Dutch under Admiral Speelman's command attacked Makassar from the sea. Meanwhile, the Netherlands' Bugis ally Arung Palakka led a ground attack. The Kingdom of Gowa was forced to surrender and Sultan Hasanuddin was made to sign the Treaty of Bongaja on 19 November 1667.[17]

The treaty did not quell all trouble for the Dutch however, since the Bugis from Gowa continued their struggle using guerilla tactics. Some Buginese moved to other islands close by such as Kalimantan. A few thousand people led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I, moved to East Kalimantan, known then as Kutai, where they were welcomed by the local Sultan.

Samarinda was a small, sleepy town in 1942 with several small oil fields in the vicinity. It was occupied by the Japanese after the Dutch East Indies had fallen.[18]

In 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Samarinda was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted as the Diocese of Samarinda. In 2003, the diocese was promoted as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Samarinda.[17]

التقسيمات الإدارية

At the time of the 2010 Census, Samarinda City was divided into six districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), but four additional districts were subsequently created by splitting of existing ones. The ten districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[19] and the 2020 Census.[8]

Name Area
in km2		 Population
Census 2010		 Population
Census 2020
Palaran 221.29 49,079 63,189
Samarinda Ilir
(Lower Samarinda)		 17.18 120,936 69,142
Samarinda Kota
(Samarinda town)		 11.12 (a) 31,719
Sambutan 100.95 (a) 57,941
Samarinda Seberang 12.49 114,183 64,050
Loa Janan Ilir 26.13 (b) 65,892
Sungai Kunjang
(Kunjang River)		 43.04 114,044 133,543
Samarinda Ulu
(Upper Samarinda)		 22.12 126,651 129,806
Samarinda Utara
(North Samarinda)		 229.52 202,607 106,743
Sungai Pinang
(Pinang River)		 34.16 (c) 105,970
Totals 718.00 727,500 827,994

Notes: (a) the 2010 populations of Samarinda Kota and Sambutan Districts are included in the 2010 figure for Samarinda Ilir District, from which they were later split off. (b) the 2010 population of Loa Janan Ilir District is included in the figure for Samarinda Seberang District, from which it was later split off. (c) the 2010 population of Sungai Pinang District is included in the figure for Samarinda Utara District, from which it was later split off.

المناخ

Samarinda has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall and hot, oppressively humid temperatures year-round. Hail is extremely rare, it was recorded on 21 November 2019.[20][21] The lowest recorded temperature in Samarinda is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in October 1982.[22]

بيانات مناخ ساماريندا
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 30.0
(86) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30٫24
(86٫44)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.2
(81) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26٫81
(80٫26)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.9
(75) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23٫42
(74٫15)
سقوط الأمطار mm (inches) 166
(6.54) 		173
(6.81) 		202
(7.95) 		236
(9.29) 		181
(7.13) 		168
(6.61) 		160
(6.3) 		148
(5.83) 		118
(4.65) 		145
(5.71) 		196
(7.72) 		209
(8.23) 		2٬102
(82٫76)
Source: [23]

الديمغرافيا

The territory's population in 2020 was 827,994 (422,624 male and 405,370 female), with an annual growth rate of 1.128% in 2019–2020.[8] The majority of the people of Samarinda are of Native Indonesian and Chinese descent. There are also Americans, Canadians, Japanese and Koreans working in Samarinda. Life expectancy in Samarinda was 73.6 years as of 2014.

العرق / الأصل 2019 (pre-pandemic) 2019% 2020
1 Asia 473 47.2% 315
2 Europe 172 17.1% 5
3 ASEAN 168 16.7% 126
4 Oceania 163 16.3% 15
5 America 23 2.3% 19
6 Africa 4 0.4% 12
Total 1,003 100.0%
  • As of 31 December 2020
  • Source: Samarinda Statistics Department[6]

الأديات

Samarinda's main religions are Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. The Christian community of around 89,000 forms about 10.2% of the total population; Protestants form a larger number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 10:3. There are also Hindu communities.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الاقتصاد

 
Samarinda is East Borneo's largest container ports

Since 2004, trade has been the engine of Samarinda's economic growth.[24] It is also driven by the large amount of logging and oil extraction companies based there. Similar to Balikpapan, many national logging companies are based in Samarinda. There are many abandoned coal mines in Samarinda. Coal mining used to be very popular in Samarinda. However, the Indonesian government revoked many mining licenses due to the use of illegal chemicals and machinery.

Tourism sector also plays an important role in Samarinda's economy; it attracted over 2,000 international tourists and 1.2 million domestic tourists in 2019,[25] making Samarinda the 2nd most popular tourists destination in East Borneo.[26] In 2020, agriculture constituted only 2 per cent of GDP, and consists of growing flower varieties (rose, jasmine, orchid) and fruits (pomelo citrus fruit).[6] Due to all these economical activities in Samarinda, it is one of the richest cities in East Kalimantan.[بحاجة لمصدر]

 
Mahakam River day view, viewed from Islamic Centre Tower, a major tourist attraction that offers views of Mahakam River and its surroundings


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النقل

 
Aerial view of Samarinda International Airport in 2018
 
Seberang Bus Terminus

The main transport infrastructure of Samarinda is different than every other cities in Kalimantan, characterised by less national government interference: Samarinda International Airport (East Kalimantan government),[27][28] SkyTrain rapid transit project (public-private partnership),[29][30] and Port of Palaran (private).[31] Samarinda is connected by Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route from Balikpapan to Samarinda; the highway runs in parallel with the first controlled-access expressway in Borneo, the Samarinda-Balikpapan Expressway, which is now under construction, and expected to be operational by the end of 2018.[32]

APT Pranoto (Samarinda Sungai Siring, AAP) International Airport is the primary airport for the city and has been at Sungai Siring since 2018. With over 1 million passengers annually, it is one of East Borneo's busiest airports in terms of passenger and cargo movements. AAP is an important Australian passenger gateway for East Borneo's wildlife. AAP was built to replace Temindung Airport in Bandara, Sungai Pinang.

The prominent coal loading port of Tanjung Bara (TBCT) lies about 160 kilometres to the north of Samarinda.[33]

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ "Puncak Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur Cocok Dijadikan Tempat Camping". Tribun Kaltim Travel. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Indahnya Pesona Alam dari Puncak Samarinda". Klik Samarinda. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Puncak Samarinda, Berkemah di Atas Awan". Traveling Yuk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 20 يناير 2021 suggested (help)
  4. ^ updated to 2020 Census
  5. ^ Data Sensus Penduduk 2010 - Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia <http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=6400000000&lang=id>
  6. ^ أ ب ت "Samarinda in Figures 2021". BPS Samarinda. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  7. ^ Statistics of Samarinda Municipality. 2018. Samarinda Dalam Angka 2018. Statistics of Samarinda Municipality, Samarinda.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  9. ^ "Ekspor Kalimantan Timur 2020". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  10. ^ "Impor Kalimantan Timur 2020". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  11. ^ "East Kalimantan in Figures 2021". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  12. ^ "BRS Kaltim June 2021". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  13. ^ "Patimban Bakal Jadi Pelumas Samudera Indonesia (SMDR) & Temas (TMAS)". Bisnis. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Kaltim Kariangau Terminal – Handal, Tepat Waktu dan Efisien" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  15. ^ "Perhatikan 4 Hal Ini Saat Berburu Oleh-oleh Khas Samarinda". JalanTikus.
  16. ^ Dahlan, Oemar (1978). Asal-Usul Nama Samarinda Sejak Zaman sebelum Kemerdekaan, Nama Ini Sudah Terkenal di Seluruh Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
  17. ^ أ ب Ars, Moh (1986). Sejarah Kota Samarinda. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
  18. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The conquest of Borneo Island, 1941-1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
  19. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  20. ^ "Hujan Es di Samarinda Seberang, Biasanya Terjadi di Awal Musim Hujan". Tribun News. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  21. ^ "Viral, Hujan Es Bikin Heboh Warga Samarinda". IDN Times. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  22. ^ "Samarinda Alami Fenomena Aphelion, Apa Itu?". Samarinda Post. 7 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  23. ^ "Samarinda climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Samarinda weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  24. ^ "Samarinda in Figures 2005". BPS Samarinda. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  25. ^ "Samarinda in Figures 2020". BPS Samarinda. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 يونيو 2021 suggested (help)
  26. ^ "Orang Samarinda dan Bontang paling gemar berwisata, Derawan paling favorite". Niaga Asia. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  27. ^ "APT Pranoto, Perjuangan Kaltim Wujudkan Mimpi". Government of East Borneo. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Jokowi Pamerkan Bandara APT Pranoto, Dibangun Pakai APBD Pemprov Kaltim". Merdeka. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  29. ^ "5 Proyek Infrastruktur Samarinda Melalui Sistem KPBU". G Priority. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Jadi Penyangga Ibu Kota Negara, Samarinda Diharapkan Bangun Infrastruktur Melalui KPBU". Headline Kaltim. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  31. ^ "About Us". Samudera Ports (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  32. ^ North Kalimantan Province Road Map - by the Road Preservation Directorate, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, Indonesia.
  33. ^ Admiralty sailing directions - Indonesia (10th ed.). Taunton: UK Hydrographic office. 15 July 2015.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

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قالب:East Kalimantan

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